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grcc 141 oncology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Study of cancer | Oncology |
| List some Characteristics of a tumor when determining if it is benign or malignant | Cell appearance;type of growth; speed of growth; tissue destruction; matastasis; recurrence |
| What does primary cancer cell mean? | This is the origin of the cancer (i.e. colon cancer will be found in the colon) |
| what is secondary mean? | It means that the primary cancer cell has traveled to other organs (i.e. you'll find colon cancer cells in the liver) The cancer is secondary to the original site. |
| Are benign safe? | These cancer cells tend to be safer, but depending on the location of the tumor, can be as lethal as a malignant cell, |
| Abnormal cells that don't die | Benign |
| Characteristics of a benign tumor | Very defined border |
| T or F. Some cancers are prone to travel more than others. | True. an example is colon cancer- often transfers to the liver. |
| Abnormal growth of cells that don't die | Benign & malignant neoplasms |
| Benign neoplasms | A type of cell that grows slow, has defined borders, & are sometimes encapsulated (easy to remove). |
| Benign aren't cancerous...but they still increase the risk on how the body reacts to them depending on location- how is that? | Presses on organs and affects the function of that organ |
| Location, location, location | Location of benign tumors can have lethal effects depending on where it is...(think of spinal cord, liver, brain,etc) |
| A type of cell that is aggressive, involves other tissues, are irregular (no borders). | Malignant neoplasm cell |
| These type of cells tend to break away and spread out like branches- no border. | Malignant neoplasm cell |
| How does malignant cells reoccur after removal? | Malignant cells have no defined borders...so it's hard to capture all the cells in one scoop....sometimes leaving behind cancer cells. |
| Metastasis to distant sites from primary site...where every they land is referred to as the secondary site of those cells | Malignant neoplasms |
| Majority of which cancer has a high death rate within one year? | Lung cancer....cuz it is likely to spread. |
| Cancer cells detach themselves from the primary site and goes into the circulatory system by what mode of transportation? | Malignant neoplasm can travel as an embolism in the blood and lymph and then shed cells into distant organs. |
| Malignant cells enter into circulation, survives in the blood, exits the blood into the new tissue. | About 60% of matastic lesions occur in this manner. |
| How does metastasis cell avoid the the immune system? | Somehow the immune system is suppressed allowing the malignant tumors to establish lesions in other sites. |
| What are common sites of metastasis lesions? | Lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bones and brain. |
| Which cells replant themselves? | Malignant cells metastasis by traveling through the circulatory system, whereever they land is where they grow. |
| By the time a diagnosis is made, how much of the tumor can metastasis? | About 50% of pts who've been dgx have cancer that has metatasized before the original site is id'd.( An example of this is lung cancer) |
| T or F. The amount of time for cancer to metastisis is totally predictable. | False. The amount of time for a cancer to mets varies. (i.e. basal cells do not mets, while other like lung cancer do) |
| What determines whether or how rapidly metastasis takes place? | The pace in which a tumor grows & travels depends on the aggressiveness & location of tumor as well as the tumor's ability to escape immune detection. |
| What causes carcinogenesis? | There is no single cause , but it appears that cancers interact with genetic and internal factors with environmental factors (or cancer causing agents) |
| Excamples of cancer causing agents (a.k.a. environmental factors) | Certain drugs, chemicals and radiation are such factors that increase risk of developing cancer. |
| What are some uncontrollable risk factors that may lead to carcinogenisis? | Age, family hx, hormonal changes, gender, poverty, and race are contributing factors |
| What are some controllable risk factors that may lead to carcinogenesis? | Emotions, diet, weight, occupation, drugs, ETOH use and sun exposure. |
| What does this mean- "paying one for the other" | You may need radiation to treat a condition, or you may need to take a med that is known to cause cancer to treat a condition (i.e. methotrexate causes cancer, yet it is used to treat methotrexate) |
| Prevent cancer? | Lifestyle change...Quit smoking, use suncscreen, etc |
| What can be done to detect cancer early? | Skin assessment, mammography, colonoscopy, lung, prostate, gyn) |
| Classify a tumor | Type of tumor Origination |
| Grading of tumor | degree of aggressiveness of tumor |
| staging a tumor | Size, location, spread; extent of disease. |
| Cancer staging | Determines the extent of the disease |
| TNM | T=Tumor/N=Nodes/M=Metastasis |
| Stage 0 | in situ - orig cell layer |
| Stage 1 | confined (localized -organ) |
| Stage II | lymph nodes |
| Stage III | nearby tissue (regional) |
| Stage IV | distant met’s at time of dx |
| Grading | Determines aggressiveness of cancer cells |
| Grading | Well differentiated = better prognosis |
| Grading | Poorly differentiated = poorer prognosis (Cells are all over the place- hard to surgically remove- likely leave cells behind) |
| Grading | Grades 1-4 (1-Hyperplasia, 2-mild dysplasia, 3-carcinoma in situ (severe dysplasia), 4-cancer invasive |
| Tumor Markers | Substances or proteins produced or secreted by malignant cells that are found in the blood. these tests assist in the treatment and evaluation response and recurrence. |
| Are tumor markers reliable? | These are not the end all to a dgx....though when elevated suggests that pt does have cancer, but it can also indicate that they just have inflammation. They are good, but docs need to do further testing in conjuction with these tests. |
| A tumor markers CEA? | Detects what is in the colon, liver, pancreas, and breast. |
| Tumor marker: CA 125 | Detects ovarian |
| Tumor marker: PSA | Detects prostate |
| Cancer treatment such as surger, radiation therapy, chemo, and biotherapy | Prophylatic treatment- form of treatment, but doesn't cure. It helps ease symptoms and increases comfort. |
| How does radiation therapy work? | |
| Cancer manifestation: Bone marrow suppression leads to what? | Anemia (low RBC due to blood loss), leukopenia(decreased WBC) and thrombocytopenia (low platelets) |
| What are S&S of Anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia at it RT Bone Marrow Suppression? | Fatigue, excercise intolerance; Increased incidence of infections; Bruising, petechiae, occult or hemorrhage. |
| Cancer manifestation: Anorexia | Poor appetite and wt loss |
| Cancer manifestation: Disrupted organ function | Voice, cough, SOB, Swallowing, Jaundice, constipation, hematuria, difficulty urinating, Uterine bleeding, mental status changess |
| Cancer manifestation: paraneoplastic syndromes | Altered blood chemistries,manifestations of hormone or lyte imbalance; and/or develop cushings disease. |
| What is the most serious manifestation of cancer? | Acute or chronic pain |
| Nursing considerations when treating a cancer pt that suffers from pain | Know that emotional response contributes to pain experience; pain may be intensified by hopelessness. |
| What are the 4 major goals of interdisciplinary care for clients with cancer? | 1) Eliminate the tumor. 2) prevent metastasis 3) reduce cell growth and tumor burden 4) promote functional abilities and provide pain relief for those who don't respond to treatment. |
Created by:
Wends1984
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