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Pharm Nurs 13
Pharmacology for Nurses Ch. 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four fundamental classes of automonic drugs? | Adrenergic agents, cholinergic agents, adrenergic blocking agents, and cholinergic blocking agents |
| Two major divisions of the nervous system | Central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system |
| The central nervous system consists of 2 | The brain and spinal cord |
| The peripheral nervous system includes ... | All nervous tissue outside the CNS |
| Two major divisions of the PNS | Motor neurons and Sensory neurons |
| 2 types of motor neurons with definitions | 1) Somatic neervous system- controls voluntary movements 2) Autonomic nervous system- controls involuntary responses |
| 2 types of autonomic nervous system | 1) Sympathetic NS 2) Parasympathetic NS |
| Receptors for Sympathetic NS | Adronergic |
| 2 types of adrenergic receptors | alpha and beta |
| Receptors for parasympathetic NS | Cholinergic |
| 3 basic functions of the NS | 1) Recognizing changes in internal and external environment 2) Processing and integrating envirom=nmental changes 3) Reacting to environmental changes by producing an action or response |
| The somatic NS provides what type of control over what type of muscle 1 | Voluntary control over skeletal muscle |
| The autonomic NS exerts what type of control over what types of effectors? | Involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| Actions of the sypathetic response 9 | 1) Dilates pupils 2) inhibits salivaton 3) accelerates heart 4) dilates bronchioles 5) inhibits digestion 6) stimulates release of glucose 7) secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine 8) relaxes bladder 9) inhibits sex organs |
| Actions of parasympathetic response 8 | 1) Constricts pupils 2) stimulates salivation 3) slows heart 4) constricts bronchioles 5) stimulates digestion 6) stimulates gallbladder 7) contracts bladder 8) stimulates sex organs |
| How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS interact to create homeostasis? | Decreasing one system can have a similar inpact to increasing the other system |
| 4 aspects which are controlled exclusively by the sympathetic NS | 1) Constriction of the arterioles 2) sweat glands 3) epinephrine and norepinephrine release 4) ejaculaton |
| 1 aspect controlled exclusively by the parasympathetic NS | Erection |
| How does communication occur in the autonomic nervous system? | Neurons are connected in series |
| Synapse | a juncture of neurons |
| A ganglionic synapse | connection of two neurons outside the CNS |
| Steps of a nerve impulse from the CNS to the target tissue 6 | 1) CNS 2) Preganglionic neuron 3) Ganglionic synapse 4) Postganglionic neuron 5) second synapse 6) target tissue |
| A large number of drugs affect autonomic function by altering neurotransmitter activity where? | At the second synapse |
| 5 mechanisms by which drugs affect synaptic transmissions Drugs can affect:(1-3) | 1) synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the presynaptic nerve 2) prevent storage of the neurotransmitter in vesicles within the presynaptic nerve 3) the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic nerve |
| 5 mechanisms by which drugs affect synaptic transmissions Drugs can affect(4-5) | 4) the normal destruction or reuptake of the neurotransmitter 5) bind to the receptor site on the postsynaptic target tissue |
| Are autonomic drugs designed to correct physiological defect in the ANS? Explain | No, drugs are used to stimulate or inhibit target organs of the ANS |
| Sympathetic pathway | 1) Spinal cord 2) Cholinergic pregangionic neuron 3) Autonomic synapse with Ach 4) Cholinergic receptor (nicotinic) 5) Adrenergic postganglionic neuron 6) Second synapse with NE 7) Target tissue with adronergic receptor (alpha or bata) |
| How does a parasympathetic pathway differ from a sympathetic one ? | 1) The postganglionic neuron is cholinergic 2) the neurotransmitter in the second synapse is Ach 3) The receptor in the target tissue is Cholinergic (muscarinic) |
| The primary neuroreceptors of the ANS 2 | Norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (Ach) |
| In the sympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitter is released at almost all postganglionic nerves? What is the exception? What is the neurotransmitter there? | Noreprinephrine. Sweat glands are the exception, where Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter |
| Catecholamines | A class of neurotransmitters to which Noreprinephrine belongs |
| Other Catecholamines 2 | Epinephrine and dopamine |
| Adrenergic receptors | Receptors at the ends of postganglionic sympathetic neurons |
| List 4 norepinephrine (adrenergic) receptors | alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 |
| Locations and Responses of Alpha 1 (2) | 1) affects all sympatheric target organs except the heart 2) constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils |
| Locations and Resonse of Alpha 2 | 1) At presynaptic adrenergic neuron terinals 2) Inhibits the release of NE |
| Locations (2) and Response of Beta 1 (2) | 1) In heart and kidneys 2)Increase heart rate and force of contraction, release of renin |
| Location and Response of Beta 2 | 1) All sympathetic target organs except the heart 2)Inhibits smooth muscle |
| 2 Acetylcholine (cholinergic) receptors | Nicotinic, Muscarinic |
| Nicotinic locations and responses (2) | 1) ganglionic synapses of both sympathetic and parasympathetic NS 2)Stimiulates smooth muscles and gland secretions |
| Muscarinic response in the heart | 1) Decrease heart rate and force of contraction |
| Do drugs only affect one adrenergic receptor? | Some drugs do, others affect all adrenergic receptors |
| Muscarinic response in parasympathetic targets other than the heart 2 | Stimulations of smooth muscles and gland secretions |
| Where is NE synthesized? | In the nerve terminal |
| 2 amino acids needed in the creation of NE | phenylalanine and tyrosine |
| Final step of the synthesis of NE | Conversion of dopemine into NE |
| 2 outcome of the reuptake of NE | 1) Returned to the vesicle for future use 2) Destroyed enzymatically by monoamine oxidase |
| Adrenal Medulla | Anatomically and physiologic arrangement much different from the rest of the sympathetic branch |
| Is dopemine a neurotransmitter in itself? | Yes |
| Acetylecholine: released by, 2 receptor types | Released by cholinergic receptors; muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors |
Created by:
twininger1
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