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Biology Ch. 14

The Origin of Species

QuestionAnswer
adaptive radiation Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill new or vacant ecological roles in their communities.
allopatric speciation The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
biological species concept Definition of a species as a population or groups of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such populations.
ecological species concept A definition of species in terms of ecological roles (niches).
hybrid zone A geographic region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some hybrid offspring.
morphological species concept A definition of species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria.
phylogenetic species concept A definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor and forms one branch on the tree of life.
polyploidy An organism that has more than two complete sets of chromosomes as a result of an accident of cell division.
postzygotic barrier A reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults. Includes reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown.
prezygotic barrier A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if mating between two species is attempted. Includes temporal, habitat, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation.
punctuated equilibrium In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.
reproductive barrier A biological feature of a species that prevents it from interbreeding with other species even when populations of the two species live together.
reproductive isolation The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
speciation The evolution of a new species.
species A group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. See biological species concept.
sympatric speciation The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.
taxonomy The branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species.
Created by: ebaughan
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