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Nervous Sys AP
pn 141 test 3 book Burke pg 896
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the nervous system consist of | the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves |
| what does it control | all motor, sensory and autonomic activities of the body |
| what are the two systems it is divided into | the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) |
| CNS: what two structures make it up | the brain and spinal cord |
| PNS: what structures make it up | the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and autonomic nervous system |
| what is the name for the basic cell of the nervous system | a neuron |
| neuron: the three parts of ti | a dendrite, cell body and an axon |
| neuron: what is a dendrite | the are short, branch like extensions on the cell body |
| neuron: function of a dendrite | they carry impulses to the cell body from other cells |
| neuron: what does the cell body do | it controls the function of the neuron |
| neuron: what is the axon | it is at the other end of the neuron, looks like a long projection |
| neuron: what does the axon do | it carries impulses away from the cell body |
| neuron: what protects the axon | the myelin sheath |
| neuron: what is the myelin sheath | a white fatty substance that protects the axon |
| neuron: what are myelinated or white nerves | nerves that are protected by the myelin sheath |
| neuron: what are unmyelinated or gray nerve fibers | they are axons that are not protected by the myelin sheath |
| neuron: what is their job | neurontransmission |
| Synapse: what is it | it is where nerve impulses move across |
| neurotransmitter: what is it | it is a chemical that can either help the impulse cross the synapse or it can stop it |
| neuron: what do sensory/ afferent ones do | they carry impulses from skin and muscles to the CNS |
| neuron: what do motor/efferent ones do | they carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles for contraction and to glands in order to release secretions |
| what is the control center of the nervous system | the brain |
| what are the three protective membranes beneath the skull | meninges |
| meninges: what is the name for the outer layer | dura mater |
| meninges: what is the name for the middle layer | the arachnoid |
| meninges: what is the name for the inner layer directly attached to the brain | pie matter |
| brain: where are arterial blood vessels | in the epidural space between the skull and the dura mater |
| brain: where is the cerebral spinal fluid found (CSF) | in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia mater |
| brain: what are the 4 major regions of the brain | cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum |
| brain- cerebrum: what is it | the largest part of the brain and is divided into the right and left hemispheres |
| brain- cerebrum: what are fissures | they are deep groves that separate the right and left hemisphere, and separate the cerebrum from the cerabellum |
| brain- cerebrum: what is the corpus callosum | they are thick band of nerve fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres; they lie deep with in the brain; it allows the communication between the two hemispheres |
| brain- cerebrum: each side of the brain receives sensory and nerve impulses from the ______ side of the body (visa versa) | opposite side |
| brain- cerebrum: everyone has a ________ hemisphere in the brain | a dominent |
| brain- cerebrum: what is the left hemisphere responsible for | speech, problem solving, reasoning and calculation |
| brain- cerebrum: what is the right hemisphere resopnsible for | visual-spatial information, art music, and surroundings to the physical environment |
| brain- cerebrum: where is the grey matter located | in the outer layer of the cerebral cortex |
| brain- cerebrum: what is the grey matter made up of | neurons |
| brain- cerebrum: where is the white matter located | in the rest of the cerebrum |
| brain- cerebrum: what is the white matter made up of | myelinated nerve fibers |
| brain- cerebrum: what are the four lobes of each cerebral hemispheres | frontal, pariatal, temporal, and occipital |
| diencephalon: what does it contain | the thalamus, hypothalamus |
| diencephalon: what does the thalamus do | it relays all sensory information ti to the cortex |
| diencephalon: that does the hypothalamus regulate | temperature, fluid balance, thirst, appetite, emotions, and sleep/ wake cycle |
| brainstem: what does it consist of | the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| brainstem: what does the midbrain do | it is the center for auditory and visual reflexes, it serves as a nerve pathway between the cerebral hemispheres and lower brain |
| brainstem: what does the pons do | it controls respirations |
| brainstem: where is the medulla oblaongata; what does it do | it is located at the base of the brain stem; it controls heart rate, BP, RR, coughing, swallowing and vomiting |
| cerebellum: what part of the brain is it connected to | the midbrain, pons and medulla |
| cerebellum: why is it similar to the cerebrum | it has two hemispheres |
| cerebellum: what does it do | it coordinates involuntary muscle activity, fine motor movements as well as balance and posture |
| cerebral spinal fluid: what do the four ventricles in the brain do | they make and circulate the CSF in the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebral spinal fluid: charecteristics of it | clear, colorless liquid, high glucose content with very few white blood cells and no red blood cells |
| cerebral spinal fluid: what is its purpose | it protects the brain and spinal cord from trauma, it also provides a place for mutrients exchange and waste removal, |
| cerebral spinal fluid: how much is produced daily | 125-150 mL |
| blood supply to the brain: how much blood does it receive each minute | 750 mL |
| blood supply to the brain: how much of our CO does it use | 20% |
| blood supply to the brain: why does it have such a large oxygen demand | because it is neccessary for glucose metabolism |
| blood supply to the brain: what is the brains source of energy | glucose metabolism |
| blood supply to the brain: why does the brain need a constant supply of oxygen and glucose | because it cannot store those |
| blood supply to the brain: what are the names of the two arterial systems that supply blood to the brain | the internal carotid arteries, and the vertebral arteries |
| blood supply to the brain: where does the cerebrum receive its blood | by the internal carotid arteries |
| blood supply to the brain: where does the cerebellum and the brainstem receive blood | from the vertebral arteries |
| blood supply to the brain: the major arteries are connected to smaller arteries forming a ring called __________ | the circle of willis |
| blood supply to the brain: how does the circle of willis protect to brain | by providing alternative blood flow routes when an artery is blocked |
| blood supply to the brain: how is blood drained from the brain | by cerebral veins (they drain venous blood into the jugular veins) |
| blood brain barrier: what is it composed of | astrocytes that are joined by tight junctions |
| blood brain barrier: what does it do | this decreases permeability so that harmful substances in the blood cannot enter the brain |
| blood brain barrier: what does it allow the passage of | glucose, some amino acids, respiratory gases, water |
| blood brain barrier: what cannot pass the barrier | urea, some toxins, most antibiotics |
| blood brain barrier: what can cause a local breakdown of the barrier | a brain injury |
| the spinal cord: where does it exit the skull | through the foremen magnum and extends to the first or second lumbar vertebrea |
| the spinal cord: where does it end | cauda equina |
| the spinal cord: how long is it; how thick is it | 17 inches; 3/4 in thick |
| the spinal cord: what protects it | the vertebral column |
| the spinal cord: how many cervical vertebrae are there | 7 |
| the spinal cord: how many thoracic vertebrae are there | 12 |
| the spinal cord: how many lumbar vertebrae are there | 5 |
| the spinal cord: how many sacrel vertebrae are there | 5 |
| the spinal cord: how many fused ones that make up the coxxyx vertebrae are there | 4 |
| the spinal cord: what is the inside of it like (shape; what does it consist of) | it is an H shape; it has grey matter surrounded by white matter |
| the spinal cord: the gray matter contains three special areas called what | horns |
| the spinal cord: what are the three horns called | ventral (motor neurons), dorsal (sensory neurons), lateral (sympathetic neurons) |
| the spinal cord: the white matter forms ascending and descending pathways; what are these called | spinal tracts |
| the spinal cord: what do the spinal tracts do | they carry messages to and from the brain (ascending- sensory pathway, descening- motor pathway) |
| the spinal cord: what happens to the spinal tracts when they exit the brain | the cross on the opposite side of the spinal cord (this is why it is strokes effect the opposite side of the brain) |
| PNS: what does it link | the CNS with the rest of the body |
| PNS: what does it receive and conduct | information from the external environment |
| PNS: what does it transmit | signals to muscles and organs of the body |
| PNS: what makes up the PNS | spinal nerves, cranial nerves, ganglia make up of the PNS |
| PNS: what is it divided into | the somatic and autonomic nervous system |
| PNS: what does the somatic system do | it connects the skin and muscles to the CNS |
| PNS: what does the the autonomic nervous system do | controls visceral organs and some glands |
| PNS: spinal nerves- how many pairs are there | 31 |
| PNS: spinal nerves- how are they names | according to the corresponding vertebrae of the spine (cervical- 8 c1-c8, thoracic t1-t12, lumbar l1-l5, sacral s1-s5) |
| PNS: spinal nerves- each spinal nerves contain what | sensory and motor fibers |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what are the two roots of each nerve attaches to the spinal | ventral and dorsal roots |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what fibers are in the dorsal root | sensory fibers |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what fibers are in the ventral roots | motor roots |
| PNS: spinal nerves- damage to the dorsal roots cause what | loss sensation, whereas damage to the ventral root results in flaccid paralysis |
| PNS: spinal nerves- damage to the ventral roots causes what | flaccid paralysis |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what is a dermatome | an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve |
| PNS: spinal nerves- why are dermatones useful | they can lacate pain sites and neurological legions |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what is a reflex | an involuntary motor response to a stimulus |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what pathway to relfexes follow | a reflex arc |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what is the reflex arc | it consists of a receptor, an afferent sensory neuron, the response center in the spinal cord or brain, an efferent motor neuron and an effector muscle or gland |
| PNS: spinal nerves- what are common reflexes | deep tendon, stretch, withdrawal, superficial |
| PNS: cranial nerves- how many pairs | 12 |
| PNS: cranial nerves- where do they begin | the brain or brain stem |
| PNS: cranial nerves- what ones control sensory function | 1, 11, v111 |
| the autonomic nervous system: what system is it part of PNS or CNS | PNS |
| the autonomic nervous system: what is its purpose | to maintain the body's internal homeostasis |
| the autonomic nervous system: what does it regulate | respirations, HR, digestion, urinary excretion, body temp, and sexual function |
| the autonomic nervous system: what are the two divisions of it | sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system |
| the autonomic nervous system: when one of the the two subsystems increases an action the other will __ an action | decrease |
| the autonomic nervous system: what does the SNS prepare the body for | stress, fight or flight |
| the autonomic nervous system: what does the parasympathetic Ns do | it operates during non stressful situations |
| the autonomic nervous system: SNS: what does it do to the pupils | dilates them |
| the autonomic nervous system: pNS: what does it do to the pupils | constricts them |
| the autonomic nervous system: SNS: what does it do to the salivary gland | decreases saliva flow |
| the autonomic nervous system: PNS: what does it do to the salivary gland | increases saliva flow |
| the autonomic nervous system: SNS: what does it do to the heart | increases HR |
| the autonomic nervous system: PNS: what does it do to the heart | slows HR |
| the autonomic nervous system: SNS: what does it do to the bronchi | relaxes the bronchi |
| the autonomic nervous system: PNS: what does it do to the bronchi | constricts the bronchi |
| the autonomic nervous system: SNS: what does it do to the stomach/intestines | decreases peristalsis |
| the autonomic nervous system: PNS: what does it do to the stomach/intestines | increases peristalsis |
| the autonomic nervous system: SNS: what does it do to the liver | stimulates release of glucose |
| the autonomic nervous system: PNS: what does it do to the liver | no action to it |
| the autonomic nervous system: SNS: what does it do to the bladder | relaxes the bladder wall |
| the autonomic nervous system: PNS: what does it do to the bladder | constricts the bladder wall |
| what is an EEG )electroencephalography) | electrodes and placed on scalp to record brain electrical activity. |
| EEG )electroencephalography): what can it Dx | epilepsy, brain disorders, brain death |
| what is a EMG (electromyography) | needles are inserted into muscles to record electrical activity. |
| EMG (electromyography): what is it used to Dx | MS< myasthenia gravis, spinal cord injury |
Created by:
jmkettel
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