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first version of DICOM was created when?
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three fundamental parts of PACS
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Carter & Veale 8-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| first version of DICOM was created when? | 1985 |
| three fundamental parts of PACS | image acquisition Display workstations Archive Sensors |
| reading images on the computer without hardcopy films | softcopy reporting |
| any computer used to view a digital image | workstation |
| most interactive part of a PACS | workstation |
| used inside and outside of the radiology department | workstation |
| file room of the PACS | archive servers |
| central part of PACS | archive server |
| may also serve as the central node that receives all images before interpretation | archive server |
| how a process is done step by step or how a task is completed | work flow |
| hardware of the software infrastructure of the systems workflow | system architecture |
| PACS system architecture normally consists of: | acquisition devices storage display workstations image management system |
| images sent directly to the server after acquisition and centrally located | client/server based systems |
| displays workstation function as a client of the archive server and accesses images based on a centralized worklist | client/server based systems |
| advantages of a client/server based system | any exam sent to PACS, Only 1 can read, no need to pull or send historical images |
| disadvantages of client/server based system | archive server single point of failure, archive down- entire system down, new images must remain at modality until archive is up and can receive, system network independent, network bogged down |
| acquisition modalities send images to designated reading station and possibly to review stations. Images stored locally & sent to archive after being read. | distributed systems (standalone systems) |
| advantages of distributed system | archive can go down with no impact on workstation, after archive comes up images auto update, PACS less likely to be lost, system less dependent on network for speed |
| disadvantages of distributed systems | personnel rely on system to perform image distribution correctly, each workstation has different worklist, rad have to move to another workstation to read, possible for 2 rad to be reading same image, paper important |
| similar to client/server system except images are held centrally and application software loads to the lient display. | web-based system |
| advantages of web based system | hardware is anything that will support web browser, greater flexibility with hardware, can be on site or teleradiology |
| disadvantages of web based system | system limited because no locally installed hardware, monitor may not be of diagnostic quality, bandwidth limiting, some programs to large to transmit across network |
| consists of a monitor, computer, mouse, and keyboard | display workstation |
| has the highest resolution monitors | radiologists |
| has the second best resolution monitors | physicians |
| has the third best monitors, used to review images after requisition but before completion | technologists |
| has the poorest quality monitors, used to look up exam and print copies | file room/image management stations |
| common navigation functions | navigation, handing protocols, study navigation |
| common image manipulation and enhancement functions | window/level, annotations, flip and rotate, pan, zoom & magnify, measurements |
| historical collection of images stored in PACS | archive |
| contains master database of everything in archive. Controls receipt, retrieval, & distribution of images it stores. controls all DICOM processes, interfaces with HIS & RIS | Image manager / controller |
| 2 components of PACS archive | Image manager/controller Image storage/sever or archive server |
| consists of physical storage device of the archive system; it commonly consists of 2 or 3 tiers of storage | Image storage/sever or archive server |
| archive considerations | system need, cost, compatibility, alternatives |
| device the scans hard copy x-ray images and converts them to digital images | film digitizer |
| 2 types of film digitizers | laser film digitizers & CCD |
| uses helium neon laser beam to convert analog film image into digital image | laser film digitizers |
| uses fluorescent bulbs that shine through the film and CD array that detects the light and transforms into electrical signal & ADC turns into digital image | CCD film digitizer |
| uses for digitizers | teleradiology, comparing outside or old films, film duplication, computer aided diagnosis (CAD) |
| ways to output copies of films | wet (chemical) laser images dry laser images (use heat) CD/DVD burner |
| what does the archive server consist of in PACS? | database server, or image manager short term & long term storage workflow manager |
| in which system architecture is it possible for two radiologists to be reading the images at the same time and be unaware of the other | Distributed System |
| what system architecture stores the images AND application software centrally | web based system |
| one of the greatest advantages of PACS | ability to view same set of images in multiple locations at one time |
Created by:
jen.studer
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