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Who invented the First Microscope?
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The Cell (BIO150)
Based on BIO 150 Chapter 6 Power Point
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What units are Cells measured in? | micrometers ("nu"m) one micrometer=1/1,000,000 meter |
| Who invented the First Microscope? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| What is Magnification? | Ratio of the size of the image being seen, to the actual size |
| What is Resolution? | Ability to distinguish fine details |
| Name the Three types of Microscopes that were discussed in class. | Light (most common) Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Electron microscope (TEM and SEM can see DNA and proteins) |
| What is the term for the top layer after the centrifuge? | The Supernatant |
| What is the term for the bottom most layer after the centrifuge? | The Pellet |
| Name Four Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics. | (1)Bacteria exist as unicellular organisms (2)Very small(from 2-0.2 micrometers) (3)Outer:cell membrane,cell wall,most have cilia or flagella and occasionally a capsule (4)Inner:the DNA region called the nucleoid and ribosomes that make protein |
| Name Five Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics | (1) Protists, fungi, plants and animals (2) Larger than counterpart (3) Specialized structures "organelles" (4) DNA contained by plasma membrane (5) Cell contained by plasma membrane |
| What is the Nucleus? | Large structure surrounded by double membrane "nuclear envelope"; contains nucleous (the darker region)and chromosomes. |
| What is the Nucleous | Granular body with in the nucleus; consists of RNA and Protein |
| Describe the Chromosomes | Composed of a complex DNA and protein known as "chromatin"; condense during cell division, becoming rod like structures. |
| Name four main structures in the cell Nucleus | Double membrane, Nucleous, Chromosomes, DNA & RNA |
| What is the Plasma Membrane? | Membrane boundary of cell |
| What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Network of internal membrane extending through the cytoplasm. Ribosomes stud the outer surface. |
| What is the Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? | Synthesizes and modifies proteins; origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins. Manufacturers many proteins destined for secretion or for incorporation into membranes |
| What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network of internal membranes extending through the cytoplasm. Lacks ribosomes on the surface |
| What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Synthesizes lipids (Lipid Bio Synthesis), hormones, and carbs; Drug detoxification |
| What are Ribosomes? | Granules composed of RNA and Protein; some attached to ER, some free in cytosol |
| What is the Golgi complex? | Stacks of flattened membrane sacs. closely associated with RER |
| What are Lysosomes? | Membrane sacs (in animals) that contain enzymes to break down ingested materials, secretions, and wastes; helps to protect the animal cell |
| What are Vacuoles? | Membranous Sacs (mostly in plants, fungi, and algae); Stores materials, wastes and water; maintain hydrostatic pressure |
| What are Peroxisomes? | Membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes; the site of many diverse metabolic reactions |
| What are Mitochondria? | Sacs consisting of two membranes; innner membrane in folded to form 'cristae' and incloses the matrix |
| What are Plastids (eg. chloroplasts) | Double membrane structure enclosing internal thylakoid membranes; chloroplasts contain chlorophyll in thalkaloid membrane. |
| What is the function of Plastids (eg. chlorophyll) | site of photosynthesis; chlorophyll captures light energy; ATP and other energy rich compounds are formed and then used to convert CO2 to Carbohydrate |
| Name three components of the cytoskeleton | (1) microtubules (2) microfilaments (3) intermediate filaments |
| What are Microtubules? | Hollow tubes made of subunits of tubulin protein that provide structural support |
| What are Microfilaments | Solid rodlike structures consisting of actin and myosin proteins; provides mechanical support |
| What are Intermediate Filaments? | Tough fibers made out of protein; abundent in cellular stress points; vary greatly in their composition; only present in vertebrate animals |
| What are Centrioles? | pair of hollow Cylinders located near the nucleus; each centriole consists of 9 microtubule triplets (9x3 structure) |
| What do Centrioles do? | Miotic spindle forms between centrioles during animal cell division; may anchor and organize microtubule formation in animal cells; absent in most plants |
| What are Cilia? | Relatively short projections extending from surface cell; covered by plasma membrane; made of two central and nine pairs of peripheral microtubules (9+2 structures) |
| What is the Function of the Cilia? | Movement of some unicellular organisms; used to move materials on the surface of some tissues |
| What are Flagella? | a long projection that extends from surface of cell that allows for locomotion |
| Why don't plants need lysosomes? | Plants have a cellulose composed wall and bacteria can not get through |
| What is the Function of Chromosomes? | Contains genes that govern structure and activity of the cell. Take up stain |
| What structures do Eukaryotic cells have that Prokaryotic cells lack? | Organelles |
| What structures to Prokaryotic cells have that Eukaryotic cells lack? | Capsule |
| What is the Cytoskeleton? | Dense network of proteins that give the cell structure shape and the ability to move. It is contained with in the plasma membrane |
| What is DNA's role in the nucleus? | DNA associates with proteins in the nucleus to form chromatin. The chromosomes are formed from the chromatin |
| What are nuclear pores? | Holes in the nuclear envelope that allows things in and out but is highly regulated. |
| What is the capsule? | present in a few bacteria. Protects bacteria from our immune system;makes it resistant to WBC; can pass on germs to other bacteria to "turn" them |
| What are fimbria? | Present on some bacteria. Associated with Lime Disease and syphilis; spyrokyte w/this allows for the bacteria potency. You cant get rid of bacteria possessing these. |
| What is the cell wall? | In bacteria, this varies but gives special properties that increase its virulence. |
| What do Antibiotics do? | They disrupt the bacteria cells wall to kill the bacteria |
| What is an inclusion body? | A storage area for starch proteins etc |
| What is a Nucleoid? | The storage area of DNA in prokaryotes |
| What is the cytoplasm? | The fluid portion in side the cell |
| What is the Basal Body? | Where the flagella or cilia, if present attaches to |
| Describe Chloroplasts? | Kidney bean shaped green organelle found in plants and green algae. Contains the pigment chlorophyll. Enclosed by two membranes |
| What are Anchoring Junctions? | This junction exists in epithilial cells. |
| What are Tight Junctions? | Connection that seal off intracellular spaces; prevent toxins from entering the blood; form the blood brain barrier |
| What are gap junctions? | These junctions are important in cellular communication; cardiac myocytes are linked by these to maintain a rythmic heart (beat) contractions |
| What is Plasmodesmata? | Junction found in plant cells; important in cell communication; allows molecules and ions to pass but not organisms; plats can change the size of these cells |
| What is the Function of the Nucleus? | Information in DNA is transcribed by RNA synthesis; specifies cell proteins. |
| What is the Function of the Nucleous | Site of Ribosomal RNA synthesis; Ribosome subunit assembly |
| What is the Function of the Plasma Membrane? | Encloses cell contents; regulates movement of materials in and out of cells; helps maintain cell shape; communicates with other cells |
| What is the Function of Ribosomes? | Synthesizes polypeptides in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| What is the Function of the Golgi Complex? | Modifies proteins; packages secreted proteins; sorts other proteins to vacuoles and other organelles |
| What happens in the Mitochondria? | Site of most reactions of cellular respiration; transformation of energy originating from glucose or lipids into ATP energy |
| What role do Microtubules play? | They have role in cell and organelle movement and division; components of cilia, flagella, centrioles,and basal bodies |
| What is the Function of Microfilaments? | Provide structural support; okay role in cell and organelle movement and cell division; create microvilli; responsible for cellular and muscle contraction |
| What do Intermediate filaments do? | help strengthen cytoskeleton; stabilize cell shape |
| What is the function of Flagella? | Cell locomotion by sperm and some unicellular eukaryotes |
| Why are cells so small? | Makes it easier to maintain homeostasis, Overcomes surface area and transport issues, size and shape sometimes relates to function |
| What is the Cell Theory? | Cells are alive, Cells come from other cells, Provides a commonality among all living things |
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