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history exam1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| john cabot | landed on Cape Breton Island (off the Canadian coast) laying the foundation for England's claim to the Atlantic coast of North America. |
| henry VII | -(1485-1509)wins war of roses |
| war of roses | 30 years of civil strife- ended with victory of Henry VII |
| Elizabeth | -(1558-1603) church of england now protistant, defeats armada |
| muscovy company | spent large sums trying to reach China by going around Scandinavia by way of Russia and Persia. |
| martin frobisher | made 3 voyages across the Atlantic to discover the Northwest Passage. |
| sir humphrey gilbert | - Oxford educated soldier - attempted to make a settlement between 1578-1579 failed, set sail again with 5 ships with over 200 settlers and landed at Newfoundland in winter time - tried to find a better settlement and gave up - dies in storm |
| sir walter raleigh | Gilbert's half-brother |
| seadogs | English privateers |
| john hawkins, sir francis drake | raided the Spanish ships (Drake 1577-1580) 4,600% profit |
| 1588 phillip II invincible armada | Defeated |
| richard hakluts | collected unpublished accounts of great voyages of exploration |
| divers voyage | touching the Discover of America-found by richard hawkins |
| the principal navigator | Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation- found by richard hawkins |
| roanoke island | 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh founded a colony on ROANOKE ISLAND off the Carolina coast (100 men) because of the hostility of the local Indians, the colony was abandoned. |
| govenor john white | leaves roanoke island for food in england, upon return he finds nothing- lost colony |
| council of virginia | Consisted of two groups of joint stock companies - london company and virginaia 13 men who would be selected by the king and would reside in London to run the affairs of the company and govern the colonies in America company |
| london company | empowered to settle between 34 degrees and 41 degrees latitude |
| virgina company | same as london company.. for southern colonies |
| plymouth | north colonies-could settle between 38 degrees and 45 degrees - claims overlapped... first to set up colony |
| joint stock company | The King was to receive 20% of any gold and silver - Found - 1/15 of copper |
| kennebe colony | colony founded by plymouth, in New England but failed by the next year- 1607 |
| susan constant, discovery, and godspeed | ships from england to virgina On December 20, 1606 depart from England and land in 1607 May and founded jamestown |
| jamestown | first permanent English Colony in the New World 1607 120 men by September, only 53 of them remained at the end of 1604 1/3 slaves 1/3 craftsman 1/3 colonist |
| james river | river in jamestown |
| captain john smith | tried to stop some of councils foolishness but was clapped in chains, elected precident of council |
| council of settelers | set up by london company-ineffective until September 1608 when John Smith was elected President of the Council |
| "no work no food" | smith imposed strict disipline and forces all to lobour provided valuable leadership and discipline also good negotiator with the Indians. |
| pocahontas | saves john, marries john ralfe |
| lord dela warr | govonor of england- appoints intermin govonor, sir thomas gates |
| sir thomas gates | intermin govonor In May of 1609 Gates sets out with fleet of 9 ships and 500 people – Gates’ ship was wrecked in BERMUDA |
| bermuda | where gates and his crew spends the winter there trying to jury rig a new ship |
| starving time | winter of 1609 jamestown is know as the starving because no james- returned to england because of gun powder |
| Herico | dela warr meets gates after starving time with3 ships and 150 additional settlers - instead of leaving, the settlers go back and form 2 settlements near the mouth of the James and one at herico |
| gales code | harsh law- strictly enforced the laws which made it a capital crime to kill poultry, destroy growing crops and forbade anyone to leave the colony to trade with the Indians without permission. All settlers were required to attend daily religious service |
| thomas dale | who was deputy Governor and acted as marshall - 1614 Thomas Dale becomes Governor and is often given credit with getting the colony on its feet |
| john ralfe | tabacco- revolutionized virginais economy but made dependant on slavery |
| king james | king of england,determined that smoking was dangerous to your health. |
| 1619 | crucial years in virginia- new govonor/goverment (sir edwand sandy) origins or slavery "indentured slaves" head right system woman shortage fixed by payment of ticket |
| sir edwand sandy | becomes Treasurer of the Virginia Company in 1618 and as such - controls it.stood for parliamentary supremacy, religious toleration, and extension of political rights to Virginia |
| house of burgesses | set up by sandy create laws. Government consisted of Governor, six councilors and twenty burgesses.It Restores rights of Englishmen, repeals Dale's Laws. It was the first legislative assembly in the Americas |
| sir george yeardly | is appointed Governor and arrives in April 1619. head of house of burggesses |
| headright system | settlers in Virginia were given 100 acres of land plus an additional 50 acres for every adult in the household. As a result of the Head-right System Virginia becomes a land of small, independent farmers |
| labor problems | With so much land available, it was difficult to hire for wages so Indentured servants were used.Most Indentured Servants were European and they served for limited periods of time and were then freed from their Labor Contracts. |
| slavery | south carolina, rice- harder to grow = slaves SOUTERN PLANTATION ECONOMY CAUSES SLAVERY |
| indentured | Africans were recognized as INDENTURED for life - then their children were included and by 1650, this de facto slavery was formally legalized |
| shortage of women | 90 young women arrived and their tickets to Jamestown were to be sold to likely young husbands for the cost of their transportation (average cost was 125 lbs. of tobacco) |
| privy council | In 1621, the English PRIVY COUNCIL - which governed the colonies in the name of the King, adopted the tobacco contract |
| tobacco contract | no tabaco grown in england, forced virgina to send crops to england levies 20% tax import giving virginia monopoly of tacacco |
| royal colony | *1624 King James I who disliked Sandys anyway, ordered a royal takeover - Virginia becomes a ROYAL COLONY. |
| puritan revolution | During the 1640’s there is political upheaval in England due to the English Civil War |
| sir william bekerley | had been Virginia’s governor. A staunch royalist, he supports CHARLES I |
| charles I | 1649 when Charles I is executed regicide and pledged Virginian's support to Charles II |
| charles II | restored in 1660 – and he in turn restores Berkeley as governor in Virginia. |
| bacons rebellion | Berkeley becomes increasingly arbitrary by restricting suffrage and imposing taxes without representation – or the consent of Burgesses and seemed unsympathetic to farmers of frontier this leads to -(BACON'S REBELLION) |
| maryland | proprietary colony |
| cecil calvert | (lord boltimore) sets up his own head right system owns maryland |
| english catholics | cecil intended that maryland be the colony as a refuge for ENGLISH CATHOLICS. |
| toleration act | maryland- now hold office if your protistant or catholic |
| carolina | 1663- settled by charles II |
| dumping ground | north carlolina- no fertile soil |
| culpeppers rebellion | john culpepper). It also protected arbitrary government -opposed stringent enforcement of mercantilist laws - resembled Bacon's Rebellion- it becomes a Royal Colony in 1729. |
| charles town | founded 1670 - had religious toleration in order to promote immigration therefore had a JEWISH COLONY and FRENCH HUGUENOTS |
| jewish colony | Economy: fur trade, cattle, rice, and indigo. Many planters came from Barbados and were used to slavery. 1719 becomes a Royal Colony. |
| french huguenots | Economy: fur trade, cattle, rice, and indigo. Many planters came from Barbados and were used to slavery. 1719 becomes a Royal Colony. |
| georgia | last to be organized because location 1732 the Colony had only 9,000 people (6,000 white and 3,000 blacks). By 1690 the Southern Colonies were well established. 85,000 in all the South - Virginia and Maryland two largest 60,000 and 20,000 respectively |
| buffer colony | protect the Carolinas from attack by the Spanish, also intended as an asylum for English debtors, petty criminals and religious minorities. |
| James oglenthorpe | most important of the 20 trustees who governed the georgia for 21 years. |
| romans | early discovery |
| chinese | early discovery |
| japanese | early discovery |
| irish | early discovery |
| vikings | Vikings island hopped - conquered Iceland in 870 vikings are norway, swedan, and denmark |
| saga of eric the red sea | vikings |
| tale of the greenlanders | vikings |
| eric the red sea | found greenland in 986 |
| bjarni herjulfson | 986 blown off course by a storm sighted the North American coastline. actually discovers america.. not columbus |
| lief erisson | 1001-spent a winter on the American coast (Baffin Island, Labrador or Newfoundland) further exploration and attempts at settlement were made. |
| thorvald karlsefni | between 1004 and 1005 but abandoned after fierce Indian attacxks |
| constantinople | Year 1453 is significant because of the fall of CONSTANTINOPLE- last remnant of the BYZANTINE EMPIRE |
| byzatine empire | people were the constantinople |
| turks | expanded into Eastern Europe taking what is today Bulgaria, Romania, parts of Russia, Hungary, all Yugoslavia and even laid siege to Vienna. |
| crusades | European energy that occurred in the 15th century and would eventually lead to theCrusades helped to break down the powerful noble families. Europeanization of the entire world. Spanned 2 centuries 1095-1290 - stimulated European commerce |
| holy land | first crusade,Crusades would fail and the Holy Land would be retaken by the Moslems |
| grenada | there were also crusades in Spain and by 1490 only one tiny Moslem nation GRENADA remained |
| the renaissance | great intellectual awakening swept through Europe |
| printing press 1440 | literal beginnings of the "knowledge explosion" made possible by the (PRINTING PRESS - 1440) |
| john gutenburg | inveted printing press improved Many areas of study benefitted mathematics, art, history, philosophy, and especially, geography. |
| pythagoras | taught that the earth was round |
| eratosthenes | computed earth size almost correctly |
| clausius ptolemy | Greek scholar of the 2nd century A.D. estimated the size of the earth as being smaller |
| guide to geography | written by clausius ptolemy- columbus reads. |
| toscanelli | his error was further compounded by the contemporary Florentine scholar TOSCANELLI would estimate the size of the earth even smaller and placed |
| improved technology | compass, astrolabe (lattitue),improved hyroglific charts |
| magnetic compass | improved technology |
| astrolabe | lattitue.. improved technology |
| hydrographic charts | called portalani |
| portalani | were hyrographic charts |
| caravel | new ship. sail powerd |
| powerful nation states | ruled by strong Kings This helped to increase security internally and allowed towns and cities to rise which in turn encouraged the growth of trade. |
| divine right theroy | anointed by God - they were able to collect taxes and provide projections and therefore had the means to promote exploration. |
| prince henry the navigator | supported by father |
| johnI | (1394-1460) - Henry gathered together some of the best map makers and geographers of Europe and financed expeditions which discovered the AZORES, THE CANARIES and began a slow exploration of African Coast |
| azoras | discovered by john I |
| the carnies | discovered by john I |
| bartholomei dias | 1488- reaches cape of good hope but turns around |
| cape of good hope | discovered by bartholomei, rounded by vasco de gama |
| vasco de gama | had to turn back - however, 10 years later in 1498 VASCO DE GAMA would successfully round the Cape and sail to CALCUTTA, INDIA. |
| calcuta india | sailed to by vasco de gama |
| ferdinand | funded columbus |
| isabella | funded columbus |
| columbus | |
| joint stock company | a new financial system known as the JOINT STOCK COMPANY was established and used - this made it possible to invest with less risk - used by the English. |
| chritianity | taught we were sinful, but could redeem- leads to improvement of humanity, missionary faith- encourages colinization |
| mayan | greek of north america flourished 900 years - developed an accurate 365 day calendar - developed the concept of the zero - had a written hieroglyphic language - 1000 A.D. |
| greek of north america | mayans |
| aztecs | beginning around 1325 A.D. rose to power in Mexico their Empire was actually a confederation with their capital located in a lake, practiced human sacrafice |
| romans of north america | aztects |
| incas | conquered an area roughly Ecuador, Peru, Northern Chile, Bolivia no writting but best record system thanks to the queekapoo, practiced incest |
| engineer of america | incas |
| great frontier | means simply border to a European |
| alchemists | Discovery changes everything - brought gold, silver, new foods, clothing |
| prince revolution | inflation - prices rose to modern levels |
| the columbian exchange | Biological in nature had both positive and negative results) (some cultural) |
| new world plants | maize or corn, sweet potatoes, white or Irish potatoes, squash, chile peppers, tomatoes, peanuts, pumpkins, cacao, manioc |
| old world plants | wheat, types of peas, melons, onions, radishes, salad greens, grape vines, sugar cane, many kinds of fruits, bananas, olive trees, rice, barley, (kentucky blue grass, daises and dandelions) |
| old world animals | cows, sheep, goats, horses, asses, pigs - quickly increased in new world |
| new world animals | llama, alpaca, dog, guinea pig, turkey, type of chicken |
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