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Respiratory BrChp 21
Brunner Chapter 21 - Assessment of Respiratory Function
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Apnea | temporary cessation of breathing |
| Bronchophony | abnormal increase in clarity of tranmitted voice sounds |
| Bronchoscopy | direct examination of larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an endoscope |
| Cilia | short hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx |
| Compliance | measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs |
| Crackles | soft, high-pitched, discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways |
| Diffusion | exchange of gas molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
| Dyspnea | labored breathing or shortness of breath |
| Egophony | abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when auscultating lungs |
| Fremitus | vibrations of speech felt as tremors of chest wall during palpation |
| Hemoptysis | expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract |
| Hypoxemia | decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood |
| Hypoxia | decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | temporary absence of breathing during sleep secondary to transient upper airway obstruction |
| Orthopnea | inability to breathe easily except in an upright position |
| Oxygen Saturation | percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen |
| Physiologic Dead Space | portion of the tracheobronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchange |
| Pulmonary Perfusion | actual blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature |
| Respiration | gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood and between the blood and cells of the body |
| Rhonchi | low-pitched wheezing or snoring sound associated with partial airway obstruction, heard on chest auscultation |
| Stridor | harsh high-pitched sound heard on inspiration, usually without need of stethoscope, secondary to upper airway obstruction |
| Tachypnea | abnormally rapid respirations |
| Tidal Volume | volume of air inspired and expired with each breath during normal breathing |
| Ventilation | movement of air in and out of airways |
| Wheezes | continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial obstruction |
| Upper Airway Structures | nose, sinuses and nasal passages, pharynx, tonsils and adenoids, larynx, and trachea |
| Lower Respiratory Tact Structures | Lungs |
| Visceral Pluera | serous membrane which covers the lungs |
| Parietal Pluera | serous membrane which lines the thorax |
| Movement of Carbon Dioxide from cells to blood is called | diffusion |
| Physical factors that govern air flow in and out of the lungs include | air pressure variances, resistance to air flow, and lung compliance |
| Common causes that may alter bronchial diamter | Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle—asthma thickening of bronchial mucosa—chronic bronchitis Obstruction of the airway—by mucus, a tumor, or a foreign body Loss of lung elasticity—emphysema, connective tissue encircling the airways |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation |
| Residual Volume (RV) | The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | The maximum volume of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration VC = TV + IRV + ERV |
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration IC = TV + IRV |
| Functional Residual Capcity (FRC) | The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration FRV = ERV + RV |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | The volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV |
| Shunt | Blood bypasses the alveoli without gas exchange |
| Shunting is seen with... | obstruction of the distal airways (blockage of alveolus), such as with pneumonia, atelectasis, tumor, or a mucus plug |
| Dead Space | When ventilation exceed perfusion, the alveoli do not have an adequate blood supply for gas exchange to ocur. |
| Dead Space is seen with... | pulmonary emboli, pulmonary infarction, and cardiogenic shock |
| Silent Unit | occurs in the absence of both ventilation and perfusion or with limited ventilation and perfusion |
| Silent Unit is seen with... | pneumothorax and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| Respiratory Center | medulla oblongata and pons |
| Central respiratory chemoreceptors respond to.. | located in the medulla, central chemoreceptors respond to increase or decrease in the pH in the cerebral spinal fluid |
| Peripheral respiratory chemoreptors respond to... | located in the aortic arch and the carotid ateries, these peripheral chemoreceptors first respond to changes in PaO2 then to partial pressure of PaCo2 and PH. Baroreceptors also located in the aortic & carotid bodies respond to arterial pressure |
| Cyanosis | bluish coloring of the skin, is a very late indicator of hypoxia |
| Clubbing | is a sign of lung disease that is found in patients with chronic hypoxic conditions |
| Respiratory Excursion | is an estimation of thoracic expansion and may disclose significant information about thoracic movement during breathing |
| Minute Volume | the volume of air expired per minute, useful in detecting respiratory failure |
| Arterial Blood Gas measures... | arterial blood pH & of arterial oxygen (PaO2) & carbon dioxide tensions PaCO2, ABG studies aid in assessing the ability of the lungs to provide adequate O2 & remove CO2 & the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb or excrete bicarbonate ions to maintain pH |
| Pulse Oximetry measures... | oxygen saturation of hemoglobin |
Created by:
pgadget
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