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Bontrager Upper Limb
Bontrager Upper Limbs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phalanges (fingers and Thumb) | 14 |
| Metacarpals (palm) | 5 |
| Carpals (wrist) | 8 |
| Two portions of the thumb (first digit) are the: | Proximal Phalanx and Distal Phalanx |
| The 3 portions of each finger (2nd through 5th digits) are the: | Proximal, Middle, and Distal Phalanx |
| The 3 parts of each phalanx, starting distally, are the: | Head, Body(shaft), and base |
| The name of the joint between the proximal and distal phalanges are the: | Interphalangeal joint |
| The joints between the metacarpals and phalanges are the: | MCP-Metacarpophalangeal joints |
| Largest of the Carpal bones? | Capitate |
| Name of the hook-like process extending anteriorly from the Hamate? | Hamulus or Hamular Process |
| Most commonly fractured carpal bone? | Scaphoid |
| Mnemonics given in textbook of 8 carpal bones: | Send letter to Peter to Tell'im (to) come home//Steve Left the Party to take Carol Home |
| In the anatomic position; Which of the bones of the forearm is located on the lateral (thumb) side? | Radius |
| Which bone is located on the medial side? | Ulna |
| Trochlear Notch is part of: | Ulna |
| Radial Notch is part of: | Ulna |
| Olecranon Fossa is part of: | Distal Humerus |
| Trochlea is part of | Distal Humerus |
| Coronoid Tubercle is part of | Ulna |
| Coronoid Process is part of | Ulna |
| Olecranon Process is part of | Ulna |
| Coronoid Fossa is part of | Distal Humerus |
| Which 2 joints of the forearm allow it to rotate during pronation? | Proximal and Distal Radiulnar Joints |
| The articular portion of the medial aspect of the distal Humerus is called the: | Trochlea |
| The similar structure found on the lateral aspect of the Distal humerus is called the: | Capitulum |
| The deep depression located on the posterior aspect of the distal Humerus is the: | Olecranon Fossa |
| The 1st and smallest of the arcs: | Trochlear/Sulcus (groove) |
| The immediate double arc, consisting of the outer ridges of: | The smallest arc-Capitulum The larger arc-Trochlea |
| The 3rd arc, which is part of the Ulna | Trochlear Notch |
| Interphalangeal | Ginglymus |
| Carpometacarpal of 1st digit | Sellar |
| Elbow Joint(humeroulnar and Humeroradial) | Ginglymus |
| Metacarpophalangeal of 2nd to 5th digit | Ellipsoidal |
| Radiocarpal | Ellipsoidal |
| Intercarpal | Plane |
| Elbow Joint | Ginglymus |
| Proximal and distal Radioulnar joint | Trochoidal |
| Ellipsoidal are classified as freely movable or/ and allow movement in __ directions | Diarthrodial/4 |
| In addition to the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments the following five additional ligaments are also important in stability of the wrist joint | True Statement |
| Which ligament of the wrist extends from the styloid process of the radius to the lateral aspect of the scaphoid and trapezium bones? | Radial Collateral Ligament |
| What is the name of the 2 special turning or bending positions of the hand and wrist that demonstrate medial and lateral aspects of the carpal region? | Ulnar Deviation and Radial Deviation |
| Which position is most commonly performed to detect fracture of the Scaphoid Bone? | Ulnar Deviation |
| How does the forearm appear radiographically if pronated for a posteroanterior PA projection? | The proximal radius crosses over the ulna |
| The 2 important fat stripes or bands around the wrist joint are the: | Scaphoid Fat Stripe and Pronator Fat Stripe |
| The fat Pads around the elbow joint are valuable diagnostic indicators if the following three technical/positioning requirements are met with the lateral position | Elbow Flexed 90 degree, Optimal Exposure Techniques used, and In a true lateral position |
| If the elbow is flexed correctly at 90 degrees, the posterior fat pad is visible if pathologic elbow trauma is present | True |
| Projection that best demos scaphoid fat stripe | PA and Oblique Wrist |
| Projection that best demos the pronator fat stripe | Lateral Wrist |
| kV most commonly used for upper limb radiography | 60 low to medium |
| Long or short Exposure time? | Short |
| Large or small Focal Spot? | Small |
| Most common minimum SID? | 40 inches-100 cm |
| Grids are used if the body part measures more than ____ | 10 cm |
| Type of intensification screens more commonly used | Detail Screens (film-screen system) |
| Small to medium dry plaster casts: Increase ___ to___kV | 5/7 |
| Large Plaster Casts: Increase ____ to ____kV or ____% | 8/10 100 |
| Fiberlass Casts: Increase ___ to ___ kV or ___ % | 3 to 4/25 or 30 |
| Correctly Exposed radiographs visualize? | soft tissue margins and Trabecular marking of all bones |
| General rule for upper limb radiography states: | Collimation borders should be visible on all 4 sides if the IR is large enough to allow this without cutting off essential anatomy |
| Gonadal shielding is important for upper limbs on all persons who are? | Child bearing age or younger |
| Radiographic Procedure that uses contrast media injected into the joint capsule to visualize soft tissue pathology of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints? | Arthography |
| Best positioning routine for 2nd though 5th digits of hand? | PA, PA Oblique, and Lateral |
| How much of the metacarpals should be included for PA projection of the digits? | Distal half of the metacarpals |
| Why is AP thumb recommended instead of PA? | The AP position produces a decrease in OID and increased resolution |
| Which projection of the thumb is achieved naturally by placing the palmar surface of the hand in contact with the cassette? | PA Oblique |
| Which IR size should be used for a thumb routine? | 8x10 |
| A sesamoid bone is frequently found ajacent to the _____________ joint of the thumb? | metacarpophalangeal |
| The entire metacarpal and trapezium must be demo'd on all projections of the thumb? | TRUE |
| Where is the CR centered for an AP projection of the thumb? | 1st MCP joint |
| A Bennet't Fracture involves? What method can be used to demo a Bennet's fracture? | Base of the 1st metacarpal/A modified Robert's Method |
| What CR angle is required for a Modified Robert's projection? | 15 degree proximal |
| Where is the CR ray centered for a PA projection of the hand? | 3rd metacarpal joint *A minimum of 1 inches and 2.5 cm of the forearm should be radiographically for the PA projection of the hand |
| Some superimposition of the distal 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals is expected with a well positioned PA oblique projection of the hand | TRUE |
| Which preferred lateral position best demos the phalanges without superimposition? | Fan Lateral |
| Which Lateral projection of the hand best demos a possible foreign body in the palm of the hand? | Lateral extension |
| Position referred to as the "ball catcher's postion? Proper Name | Norgaard Method |
| Ball Catcher's Position is commonly used to evaluate for early signs of? | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| The elbow is usually flexed ___ degrees for basic positions of the wrist? | 90 |
| How much rotation is required for an oblique projection of the wrist? | 45 degrees |
| Which alternative projection to the routine PA wrist best demos the intercarpal joint spaces and wrist joint? | AP projection-with hand slightly arched |
| Which positioning error is involved if significant aspects of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals are superimposed in an oblique wrist projection? | Excessive Lateral Rotation from PA |
| During a PA axial Scaphoid projection with the CR angle and ulnar flexion, the CR angle must be ___ degrees/proximally or distally? | 10 to 15/proximally |
| How much are the hand and wrist elevated from the IR for the modifies Stetcher method? | 20 degrees |
| How much CR angulation for the long axis of the hand is required for the carpal canal(tunnel) projection? | 25 to 30 degrees |
| Which special projection of the wrist best demos the interspaces of the ulnar side of the wrist between the lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, and hamate bones? | PA projection with radial deviation |
| Which special projection of the wrist helps rule out abnormal calcifications in the carpal sulcus? | Carpal Canal or Gaynor-Hart |
| How much CR angulationw from the long axis of the forearm is required for the carpal bridge-tangential-projection? | 45 degrees |
| Fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius? | Barton's Fracture |
| Most common type of primary malignant tumor occuring in bone? | Multiple Myeloma |
| Reduction in the qty of bone and atrphy of skeletal tissue? | Osteoporosis |
| Sprain of tear of the ulnar collateral ligament? | Skier's Thumb |
| An abnormality of the cartilage affecting ling bones? | Achondroplasia |
| Transverse fracture extending through the distal aspect of the metacarpal neck? | Boxer's Fracture |
| Hereditary condition marked by abnormally dense bone? | Osteoporosis |
| Transverse fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement of the distal fragment? | Colle's Fracture |
| Narrowing of joint space with periosteal growths on the joint margins? | Osteoarthritis |
| Fluid-Filled joint space with possible calcification? | Bursitus |
| Possible calcification in the carpal sulcus? | Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
| Soft Tissue swelling and loss of the fat pad detail visibility? | Osteomyelitis |
| Mixed areas of sclrotic and cortical thickening along with radiolucent lesions? | Osteopetrosis |
| Which two basic projections are required for the forearm? | AP and lateral |
| 4th carpometarcarpal joint | plane |
| Accumulated Fluid within the joint cavity | Joint Effusion |
| Local or generalized infection of bone or bone marrow? | Osteomyelitis |
| Reverse of a Colle's Fracture? | Smith Fracture |
| Fracture of the base of the 1st metacarpal | Bennet's Fx |
| Painful disorder of the hand and wrist from compression of the median resulting nerve? | Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
| Ginglymus | Hinge Joint |
| Ellipsoidal | Movement in 2 planes |
| Trochoidal | Pivot |
| Plane | Arthrodial, Gliding Plane, Synovial Joint |
| Sellar | Saddle |
| Which two structures form the distal radioulnar joint? | Distal radius and distal ulna |
| The 1st carpometacarpal joint is classified as a _________ joint? | Sellar |
| An Ellipsoidal joint allows movement in ___ directions? | 4 |
| The radiocarpal wrist joint posses a ___ type of movement? | Ellipsoidal |
| Carpal that contains a "hooklike" process? | Hamate |
| Carpal that articulates with the thumb? | Trapezium |
| 2 carpal bones that are located most anteriorly as seen on the lateral wrist radiograph? | Scaphoid and Trapezium |
| Which two structures primarily form the hinge-like structure and movement of the elbow joint? | humeroulnar and humeroradial |
| The 1st metacarpophalangeal joint has which type of movement? | Ellipsoidal |
| The Radiographic Criteria for a true lateral finger indicate equal concavity of the anterior and posterior aspects of the phalanges. | ANTERIOR not posterior |
| With the radial head projections, what is the only difference between the 4 projections? | The rotational positions of the hand and wrist |
| Which of the following best demo's the radial head using the trauma lateral Coyle method routine? | 45 degree toward shoulder |
| Which of the following projections of the wrist will best demo the wrist joint and intercarpal spaces if the PT can assume this position? | PA oblique Wrist |
| The Folio Method is performed to rule out? | Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury |
| The Folio Method requires ____ projections of the thumbs to be taken with a single exposure? | Bilateral-AP Stress Projection |
| How much rotation of the hands is required for the AP oblique bilateral-Norgaard Method for a HAND projection? | 45 degree angle-performed to rule out non displaced fracture of the thumb requires bilateral |
| Which special projection of the wrist is ideal for demo-ing possible calcification in the dorsal aspect of the carpals? | Carpal Canal or Gaynor Hart |
| A radiograph of the elbow demonstrates the radius superimposed over the ulna and coronoid process in profile. Which projection of the elbow has been performed? | Trauma Axial Cateromedial Projection-Coyle Method 80 degree flexed elbow |
| Which best demos the coronoid process using the trauma lateral Coyle Method routine? | 45 degrees away from the shoulder/elbow flexed at 90 degrees; hand pronated CR at 45 degree toward shoulder centered at Radial Head |
| Where is the pronator fat stripe located? | Anterior to the distal radius |
| 3rd carpal bone on the proximal row(from the lateral part of the wrist)? | Triquetrum |
| The ulnar notch is located at the? | Medial Aspect of the Distal Radius |
| Which of the structures is located on the distal Humerus? | Styloid Process |
| Dislocation | Displacement of joint |
| Subluxation | Partial Dislocation |
| Sprain | Rupture or tearing of connective tissue |
| Contusion | Bruise, w/out fracture |
| Simple Fx | closed |
| Compound Fx | Open-breaks through skin |
| Comminuted Fx | splintered or crushed |
| Impacted Fx | Fragments driven into each other |
| A PT arrives with a metal foreign body in the palm of the hand which projection needs to be done? | PA and Lateral Extension |
| Which Pathologic indication requires a decrease in manual exposure factors? | Advanced Osteoporosis |
| Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the 2nd digit? | Affected PIP joint |
| Coronoid Process in Profile | AP, Medial Rotation Oblique |
| Radial Head and Tuberosity without superimposition | AP, Lateral Rotation Oblique |
| Olecranon Process in Profile | Lateral Elbow |
| Coronoid Tubercle | AP Elbow |
| Trochlear Notch in profile | Lateral Elbow |
| Capitulum and Lateral Epicondyle in Profile | AP, Lateral Rotation Oblique |
| Olecranon Process seated in Olecranon Fossa | AP Elbow |
| A PT with a possible Barton Fx enters ER which positioning routine needs to be done? | Wrist |
| A PT with a possible Smith Fx enters the ER. Which positioning routine needs to be performed? | Wrist/Forearm |
| PT enters ER with a trauma injury in the ER. Evident- Colle's Fx. Which positioning routine needs to be done? | AP and Lateral Forearm Projections to include the wrist |
| A PT enters ER with a dislocated elbow. The elbow is tightly flexed and is careful not to move it. Which positioning routine? | 2 AP [rojections with acute flexion (Jones Method) and a Lateral Projection |
| PT with pssible fx of the Trapezium enters ER. Which positioning routine can be taken? | Modified Robert's Projection |
| A PT with a history of carpal tunnel syndrome come in. The ortho surgeon suspects the bony changes in the carpal sulcus may be causing compression of the median nerve. Which projection best demos region of the wrist? | Carpal Canal Position/Gaynor Hart |
| A PT who comes in for a hand series to evaluate the early evidence of Rheumatoid Arthritus. Best position? | Norgaard Method |
| A PT has an injury to the Ulnar collateral ligament. The PT complains of pain near the 1st MCP joint. Initial xrays of hand do not indicate any fx or dislocation. Which projection should be used? | PA thumb Projection-Folio Method |
| A PT enters the ER with possible foreign body in the dorsal aspect of the wrist. Initial wist radiographs are inconclusive in demo-ing the location of the foreign body. What additional projection can be performed? | Tangential Projection-Carpal Bridge Projection |
| Snynovial | articular capsule containing synovial fluid |
| Diarthrodial | freely moveable |
| Amphiathrosis | limited movement |
| Ginglymus | hinge |
| Ellipsoidal | Condyloid |
| Sellar | Saddle |
| Plane | Gliding |
| Trochoidal | Pivot |
| Barton's | A fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius involving the wrist joint |
| Boxer's | Transverse fracture taht extends through the metacarpal neck/most commonly seen in the 5th metacarpal |
| Bennett's | Fracture of the base of the 1st metacarpal bone, extending into the carpometacarpal joint, complicated by subluxation with some posterior displacement/ Film to best demo: Robert's Method 15 degree CR angle proximal |
| Colle's | Transverse Fracture of the distal radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly an associated ulnar styloid fracture seem in 50 to 60% of cases |
| Smith's | Reverse Colle's fx. or transverse fx of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly |
| CR centering for fingers 2-5 | PIP Joint |
| CR for thumb | IP |
| CR for hand | 3rd MCP joint |
| CR for wrist | Midcarpal |
| CR for forearm | midforearm |
| CR for elbow | Mid Elbow Joint |
Created by:
RadTGirl7
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