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Guhhkeyterms&peeps
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Paleo-Indians | people who crossed into North America from the Bering Land Bridge into Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 BC |
| migration | a movement of people or animals from one region to another |
| hunter-gatherers | people who lived by hunting animals and gathering wild plants |
| environments | or climates and landscapes that surround living things |
| societies | groups that share a culture |
| Culture | is a group’s set of common values and traditions |
| totems | ancestor or animal spirits |
| Iroquois League | This political confederation was established by the Cayuga, Mohawk Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca nations |
| capital | money or property that is used to earn more money |
| joint-stock companies | or businesses in which a group of people invest together |
| Christopher Columbus | a sailor from Genoa, Italy. Columbus was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean |
| Ferdinand Magellan | In 1519 a Portuguese captain, Ferdinand Magellan, set out with a Spanish fleet to sail to Asia across the “Southern Ocean.” |
| Northwest Passage | a passage way through North America that would let ships sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific |
| Columbian Exchange | This transfer of plants, animals, and diseases became known as the Columbian Exchange because it resulted from Columbus’s explorations |
| conquistadors | were soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas |
| Hernán Cortés | conquistador sent to to present-day Mexico in 1519 |
| Moctezuma II | ruled the Aztec Empire |
| Francisco Pizarro | another conquistador that heard rumors of the Inca cities in the Andes of South America |
| Junípero Serra | 1769 missionary who traveled to California to spread Christianity. Serra founded San Francisco and eight other missions along the Pacific coast |
| encomienda system | It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work |
| Bartolomé de Las Casas | a Spanish priest who defended American Indians’ rights |
| plantations | large farms that grew just for one kind of crop and made huge profits for their owners |
| Protestant Reformation | This religious movement began as an effort to reform the Catholic Church and spread through German towns in the 1520s and then to other parts of Europe |
| Protestants | The reformers became known as Protestants because they protested the Catholic Church’s practices |
| printing press | a machine that produces printed copies |
| charter | an official document that gives a person the right to establish a colony |
| Jamestown | about 40 miles up the James River in Virginia, the colonists founded |
| John Smith | who took control of the Jamestown |
| Pocahontas | daughter of the Powhatan leader |
| indentured servants | people who received a free trip to North America by agreeing to work without pay for a period of years |
| Bacon’s Rebellion. | When the governor tried to stop him, Bacon and his followers attacked and burned Jamestown in an uprising known as Bacon’s Rebellion. |
| Toleration Act of 1649 | This bill made it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians |
| Olaudah Equiano | former slave who wrote about the curelty of slavry |
| slave codes | or laws to control slaves |
| Puritans | A Protestant group called the Puritans wanted to purify, or reform, the Anglican Church |
| Pilgrims | The Pilgrims were one Separatist group that left England in the early 1600s to escape persecution |
| immigrants | people who have left the country of their birth to live in another country |
| Mayflower Compact | a legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good |
| Squanto | a Patuxet Indian who taught pilgrims how to live in the new world |
| John Winthrop | In 1630 a fleet of ships carrying Puritan colonists left England for Massachusetts to seek religious freedom. They were led by John Winthrop |
| Anne Hutchinson | an outspoken woman also angered Puritan church leaders. Anne Hutchinson publicly discussed religious ideas that some leaders thought were radical |
| Peter Stuyvesant | Director General Peter Stuyvesant led the colony beginning in 1647 |
| Quakers | The Society of Friends, or the Quakers, made up one of the largest religious groups in New Jersey |
| William Penn | Penn wished to found a larger colony under his own control that would provide a safe home for Quakers. In 1681 King Charles II agreed to grant Penn a charter to begin a colony west of New Jersey |
| staple crops | crops that are always needed |
| town meeting | In town meetings people talked about and decided on issues of local interest, such as paying for schools |
| English Bill of Rights | in 1689,this act reduced the powers of the English monarch |
| triangular trade | a system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa. |
| Middle Passage | The slave trade brought millions of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean in a voyage throught the Middle Passage |
| Great Awakening | a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s |
| Enlightenment | This movement, which took place during the 1700s, spread the idea that reason and logic could improve society |
| Pontiac | Ottawa chief who united the Great Lakes’ Indians to try to halt the advance of European settlements, he attacked British forts in a rebellion known as Pontiac’s Rebellion; he eventually surrendered in 1766. |
| Samuel Adams | At a Boston town meeting in May 1764, local leader Samuel Adams agreed with Otis. He believed that Parliament could not tax the colonists without their permission |
| Committees of Correspondence | Each committee got in touch with other towns and colonies. Its members shared ideas and information about the new British laws and ways to challenge them. |
| Stamp Act of 1765 | This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items |
| Boston Massacre | the shootings in Boston |
| Tea Act | in 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonists |
| Boston Tea Party | December 16, 1773, colonists disguised as Indians sneaked onto the three tea-filled ships. After dumping over 340 tea chests into Boston Harbor. This event became known as the Boston Tea Party |
| Intolerable Acts | In the spring of 1774 it passed the Coercive Acts. Colonists called these laws the Intolerable Acts |
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