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Speech Anatomy
Physiology of Phonation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurochronaxic Theory | the length of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is 10cm longer on the left |
| Myoelastic-aerodynamic Theory | sub-glottal pressure, bernoulli effect and tissue force |
| Cover body Theory | there are two masses in the vocal folds- connected to each other by a spring (hula dancing) |
| Rate of flow | will increase in a tube at a point of constriction |
| Bernoulli effect | as velocity increases, pressure decreases (energy is constant) and pressure is perpendicular to airflow |
| Sub-glottal pressure | what pushes the vocal folds open |
| Tissue force | recoil (elasticity of the vocal folds) |
| Glottal Cycle | opening, closing and closed phases |
| In the closing phase... | the vocal folds are still open (getting ready to be closed) |
| Jitter | timing variablity between glottal cycles |
| Shimmer | amplitude variability between glottal cycles |
| Laryngeal functions for speech | rocking, gliding and rotating |
| Rocking | lateral, oblique, and transverse arytenoids |
| Gliding | thyromuscularis |
| Rotating | Lateral CricoArytenoid (LCA) and Posterior CricoArytenoid (PCA) |
| Attack | process of adducting the vocal folds |
| Termination | process of abducting the vocal folds |
| Types of attacks | simultaneous, breathy and glottal |
| Simultaneous attack | adduction and respiration at the same time ("zip") |
| Breathy attack | respiration begins before the vocal folds adduct ("harry") |
| Glottal attack | adduction of vocal folds before respiration ("okay") |
| Perceptual terminology | pitch, loudness, length |
| Acoustic terminology | frequency, intensity, duration |
| Interspeaker changes | increase in length, decrease in frequency |
| Intraspeaker changes | increase tension, increase frequency increase mass, decrease frequency increase sub-glottal pressure, (slight) increase of frequency |
| Pitch raising mechanisms | Cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, PCA, increase in sub-glottal pressure |
| What does the cricoarytenoid do to raise pitch? | It tilts the thyroid cartilage forward? |
| What does the thyroarytenoid do to raise pitch? | It tenses the vocal folds |
| What does the PCA do to raise pitch? | It prevents anterior sliding of the arytenoids |
| Pitch lowering mechanisms | Passive (tissue elasticity), active lowering (thyroarytenoid/thyromuscularis) and decrease in sub-glottal pressure |
| What is included in passive lowering of pitch? | tissue elasticity |
| What is included in active lowering of pitch? | thyroarytenoid and thyromuscularis |
| Optimal pitch | vocal fold vibration that is most efficient/appropriate for an individual |
| Optimal pitch varies as a function of what? | age, gender and size (not all-inclusive) |
| Habitual pitch | fundamental frequency usually used (ideally this is close to the optimal pitch) |
| Pitch range | the difference between the lowest and highest fundamental frequencies |
| For most people pitch range is... | about two octaves |
| Optimal pitch for a female is... | 210Hz |
| Optimal pitch for a male is... | 125Hz |
| Optimal pitch for a child is... | 300-400Hz |
| The four states of the glottis: | modal, creaky, breathy, whispered |
| Modal: | space between the glottis is normal- normal voicing |
| Creaky: | arytenoid cartilages are held so tightly that the vocal folds only vibrate on the anterior portion |
| Breathy: | vocal folds vibrate, but are held loosely- air escapes |
| Whispered: | vocal folds DO NOT vibrate, but are tense and tight |
| Modal register: | pattern of vibration used in normal speech- 2 octaves- frequency usually between 125Hz and 500Hz |
| Pulse register (glottal fry): | Folds are very thick and relaxed, and sub-glottal pressure is low. A smaller secondary wave often accompanies every cycle of fundamental. Frequency is usually between 75Hz and 125Hz |
| Falsetto register: | vocal folds become lengthened and extremely thin. Vibrate along the margins and make contact only briefly. Frequency usually between 500Hz and 1000Hz |
| Vocal Pathologies: | Tumor, infection, abuse, psychogenic and organic |
| Types of infections: | virus, bacterial, fungal |
| Types of organic pathologies: | paresis, paralysis, tremor and age atrophy |
| Types of misuse: | vocal or screamer’s nodules, smoker’s edema, ulcerations, and physical trauma |
Created by:
deezer
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