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Comm Sci Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A term used in survey research to refer to the match between the target population and the sample. | Accuracy |
| A method of statistical analysis broadly applicable to a number of research designs, used to determine differences among the means of two or more groups on a variable. | ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) |
| A frequency distribution statistics. Normal distribution is shaped like a bell. | Bell curve |
| A model which represents a causal relationship between two variables. | Causal Model |
| The relationship established that shows that an independent variable, and nothing else, causes a change in a dependent variable. Establishes, also, how much of a change is shown in the dependent variable. | Causal Relationship |
| The relation between cause and effect. | Causality |
| These measures indicate the middle or center of a distribution. | Central Tendency |
| Objectivity; the findings of the study could be confirmed by another person conducting the same study | Confirmability |
| An unforeseen, and unaccounted-for variable that jeopardizes reliability and validity of an experiment's outcome. | Confounding Variable |
| The extent to which a test correlates well with a measure that has been previously validated. Implies that two measures are taken at the same time. | Concurrent validity |
| Seeks an agreement between a theoretical concept and a specific measuring device, such as observation. | Construct Validity |
| The extent to which a measurement reflects the specific intended domain of content. | Content Validity |
| Awareness by a qualitative researcher of factors such as values and beliefs that influence cultural behaviors | Context sensitivity |
| A variable that may have fractional values, e.g., height, weight and time. | Continuous Variable |
| A group in an experiment that receives not treatment in order to compare the treated group against a norm. | Control Group |
| The general agreement among ratings, gathered independently of one another, where measures should be theoretically related. | Convergent Validity |
| 1) A common statistical analysis, usually abbreviated as r, that measures the degree of relationship between pairs of interval variables in a sample. 2) A non-cause and effect relationship between two variables. | Correlation |
| A product of the correlation of two related variables times their standard deviations. Used in true experiments to measure the difference of treatment between them. | Covariate |
| Used to demonstrate the accuracy of a measuring procedure by comparing it with another procedure which has been demonstrated to be valid; also referred to as instrumental validity. Includes concurrent validity, predictive validity and convergent validity. | Criterion Related Validity |
| Recorded observations, usually in numeric or textual form | Data |
| A form of reasoning in which conclusions are formulated about particulars from general or universal premises | Deductive |
| A variable that receives stimulus and measured for the effect the treatment has had upon it. | Dependent Variable |
| The distance between the mean and a particular data point in a given distribution. | Deviation |
| A variable that is measured solely in whole units, e.g., gender and siblings | Discrete Variable |
| The lack of a relationship among measures which theoretically should not be related. | Discriminant Validity |
| The range of values of a particular variable. | Distribution |
| "…the process of developing systematized knowledge gained from observations that are formulated to support insights and generalizations about the phenomena under study" | Empirical Research |
| The extent to which two items measure identical concepts at an identical level of difficulty. | Equivalency Reliability |
| A researcher creates an environment in which to observe and interpret the results of a question. A key element is that participants are randomly assigned to groups. The groups are treated differently and measurements are to determine what is true. | Experiment |
| The extent to which the results of a study are generalizable or transferable. See also validity | External Validity |
| How a measure or procedure appears. | Face Validity |
| The extent to which research findings and conclusions from a study conducted on a sample population can be applied to the population at large. | Generalizability |
| A tentative explanation based on theory to predict a causal relationship between variables. | Hypothesis |
| A variable that is part of the situation that exist from which originates the stimulus given to a dependent variable. Includes treatment, state of variable, such as age, size, weight, etc. | Independent Variable |
| A form of reasoning in which a generalized conclusion is formulated from particular instances | Inductive |
| Instrumentation may be a threat to internal validity refers to a situation where instruments used to assess the dependent variable may change over the period of the study thus validating comparison of measured results. | Instrumentation |
| The extent to which all questions or items assess the same characteristic, skill, or quality. | Internal Consistency |
| (1) The way with which the study was conducted and (2) the extent where designers of a study have taken into account alternative explanations for any causal relationships they explore. | Internal Validity |
| The extent to which two or more individuals agree. It addresses the consistency of the implementation of a rating system. | Interrater Reliability |
| A variable in which both order of data points and distance between data points can be determined, e.g., percentage scores and distances | Interval Variable |
| A five point (typically but not necessarily) scale representing some continuum often used in questionnaires (e.g. strongly agree, agree, undecided etc.) | Likert scale |
| A statistical test used to compare two sets of scores for the same subject. A matched pairs T-test can be used to determine if the scores of the same participants in a study differ under different conditions. | Matched or paired T-Test |
| Process of corresponding variables in experimental groups equally feature for feature. | Matching |
| Phenomena where participants change spontaneously over time due to natural maturational changes. | Maturation |
| The average score within a distribution. | Mean |
| A measure of variation that indicates the average deviation of scores in a distribution from the mean: It is determined by averaging the absolute values of the deviations. | Mean Deviation |
| The center score in a distribution. | Median |
| A group or network of interrelated concepts that reflect conscious or subconscious perceptions of reality. These internal mental networks of meaning are constructed as people draw inferences and gather information about the world. | Mental Models |
| The most frequent score in a distribution. | Mode |
| Situation whereby participants are unable to continue in a study. Might be because they died, but not necessarily. They may simply dropped out. Jeopardizes the internal validity of the study. | Mortality |
| The correlation is a measure of the strength and direction of association between two variables. The negative correlation implies that as one variable gets bigger the other one gets smaller. | Negative correlation |
| Frequency distribution where there is a long tail towards the negative (smaller values) end of the X. axis. | Negative skew |
| A variable determined by categories which cannot be ordered, e.g., gender and color | Nominal Variable |
| Statistical tests are chosen on the basis of the type of data that is being analyzed. Nonparametric tests are suitable for ordinal or nominal level data . | Non-parametric test |
| L-Shaped curve that is symmetrical and unimodal. | Normal curve |
| A variable in which the order of data points can be determined but not the distance between data points, e.g., letter grades | Ordinal Variable |
| A coefficient or value for the population that corresponds to a particular statistic from a sample and is often inferred from the sample. | Parameter |
| Phenomenon where an otherwise ineffective intervention in a study induces an improvement in the patient's condition. Thought to be due to expectation. | Placebo effect |
| Extent to which a test invalidly predict a future event. Often expressed in the form of a correlation coefficient. E.g. positive cancer results can predict mortality. | Predictive validity |
| The target group under investigation, as in all students enrolled in first-year composition courses taught in traditional classrooms. The population is the entire set under consideration. Samples are drawn from populations. | Population |
| The chance or likelihood of an event. The probability of flipping heads with a fair coin is .5. | Probability |
| Strength and direction of the Association between two variables whereby as one variable gets bigger so do values in the other variable. | Positive correlation |
| Frequency distribution where there is a long tail towards the positive end of the X. axis. | Positive skew |
| The chance that a phenomenon has a of occurring randomly. As a statistical measure, it shown as p (the "p" factor). | Probability |
| Empirical research in which the researcher explores relationships using textual, rather than quantitative data. Case study, observation, and ethnography are considered forms of qualitative research. | Qualitative Research |
| Empirical research in which the researcher explores relationships using numeric data. Survey is generally considered a form of quantitative research. Results can often be generalized, though this is not always the case. | Quantitative Research |
| Similar to true experiments. Have subjects, treatment, etc., but uses nonrandomized groups. Incorporates interpretation and transferability in order to compensate for lack of control of variables. | Quasi-experiment |
| Process used in research to draw a sample of a population strictly by chance, yielding no discernible pattern beyond chance. | Random sampling |
| Used to allocate subjects to experimental and control groups. The subjects are initially considered not unequal because they were randomly selected. | Randomization |
| The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. | Range |
| The extent to which a measure, procedure or instrument yields the same result on repeated trials. | Reliability |
| Phenomena whereby an individual is measured on test and obtains an extremely low or high score one on reassessment tends to move towards a more average score. Maybe misinterpreted as misrepresenting a real change. | Regression to the mean |
| Situation where participants are measured on more than one occasion. For example before or after an intervention or treatment. | Repeated measures |
| In survey research, the actual percentage of questionnaires completed and returned. | Response Rate |
| Degree to which research methods are scrupulously and meticulously carried out in order to recognize important influences occurring in a experiment. | Rigor |
| An example where expectations of the researcher influence the outcome of the study. Observers/participants may believe that a particular intervention is effective and may underreport or discount symptoms inconsistent with this belief. | Rosenthal effect |
| The degree to which the results from the sample deviate from those that would be obtained from the entire population, because of random error in the selection of respondent and the corresponding reduction in reliability. | Sampling Error |
| A listing that should include all those in the population to be sampled and exclude all those who are not in the population. | Sampling Frame |
| The population researched in a particular study. | Sample |
| In survey research, a situation where questions may "lead" participant responses through establishing a certain tone early in the questionnaire. May accrue as several questions establish a pattern of response in the participant, biasing results. | Serial Effect |
| Any distribution which is not normal, that is not symmetrical along the x-axis. Positive skew, negative skew. | Skewed Distribution |
| The agreement of measuring instruments over time. | Stability Reliability |
| A term used in statistical analysis. A measure of variation that indicates the typical distance between the scores of a distribution and the mean | Standard Deviation |
| Transformed score which expresses how many standard deviations a specific score is above or below the mean. Often has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. A score of 115 implies a scores is 1 standard deviation above the mean. | Standard score |
| A statistical test. A t-test is used to determine if the scores of two groups differ on a single variable. For instance, to determine whether writing ability differs among students in two classrooms, a t-test could be used. | T-Test |
| On a test or assessment procedures administered on more than one occasion to the same individuals it is the correlation between the first and a second or subsequent scores. It is a measure of the reproducibility of assessment procedure. | Test retest reliability |
| The ability to apply the results of research in one context to another similar context. Also, the extent to which a study invites readers to make connections between elements of the study and their own experiences. | Transferability |
| The stimulus given to a dependent variable. | Treatment |
| The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. A method can be reliable, consistently measuring the same thing, but not valid. See also internal validity and external validity | Validity |
| Observable characteristics that vary among individuals. See also ordinal variable, nominal variable, interval variable, continuous variable, discrete variable, dependent variable, independent variable. | Variable |
| A measure of variation within a distribution, determined by averaging the squared deviations from the mean of a distribution. | Variance |
| The dispersion of data points around the mean of a distribution. | Variation |
| Transform score which expresses how many standard deviations a specific score is above or below the mean. Is a score of -2 implies a scores two standard deviations below the mean. | Z. score |
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meant4thestars
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