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History test
Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Jacksonian Democracy | leader Andrew Jackson. Friend of common man & foe of aristocratic privilege, won victory in 1828 and held national power through the 1830s. Promised to protect farmers & workers from elite,they thought as enemies equality and corrutors of public morality. |
| Andrew Jackson | self-made product of Southern backcountry. lost election of 1824 against Adams. Military savior of the republic and achieved incredible popularity in native S. Ralied against economic privilege and reformed the federal bureaucracy (spoils system). |
| Democratic Party | new Democratic Party that formed between 1824 and 1828 had the perfect candidate for the increasingly democratic temperament of the 1820s. |
| John Quincy Adams | National Rep. Presented a bold vision of an activist federal govt promoting economic growth, social advancement, and scientific progress. Little of his programs passed Congress, and his nationalist vision drove his opponents into the Jackson camp. |
| Henry Clay | ran in the election of 1824. Associated w/ national bank, protective tariffs, package of federal subsidies called the American System. He used is influnence as Speaker of House to line up support for Adams against Jackson. named as Sec of State for adams. |
| Corrupt Bargain | Jackson and his followers were outraged at the outcome of 1824 election. Clay had bargained away the presidency to the highest bidder. |
| Henry Clay's American System | Called for a protective tariff, a national bank, and federal subsidies for internal improvements; goal to bind U.S. together in integrated national mkt. Jackson and Democrats opposed it. |
| "spoils system" | the victorius party gave govt jobs to its supporters and removed the appointees of the defeated party. Parceling out of jobs was a powerful technique for building party strength, because it tied party loyalty to the reward of fed appt. |
| Indian Removal | Indian Removal Act appropriate 500,000 for the negotiation of new treaties under which southern Indians would surrender their territory and be sent to land in trans-MS area. voluntary removal was stressed, no fed protection was provided for Indians. |
| Trail of Tears | Thousands of Indians, 1/4 of those who started trek to Ok died on way. |
| Nullifcation Crisis | SC believed that they had the sovereign power to declare an act of the national govt null and inoperative. Once a state nullified a law, it was to remain unenforceable. |
| Jackson's reaction to Nullification crisis | he conisdered nullification a dangerous and nonsensical perversion of Constitution, and Jackson vowed to crush any attempt to block the enforcement of federal laws. Under Force Bill, military force could be used to put down nullification. |
| tariff of abominations | after the first protective tariff in 1816, rates increased further in 1824 and then jumped to 50% in 1828 in what was denounced as this. a measure contived by N Democrats to win additonal northern support for Jackson. |
| effect of tariff of abominations | High tariffs worsened the ag. depression by raising the cost of manufactured goods purchased by farmers and planters and lowering the foregin demand for ag exports. |
| John C. Calhoun | developed a constitutional theory in 1828 titled The SC Exposition and Protest. It pushed to its logical extreme the states' right-doctrine. helped nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 in SC. |
| Second Bank of the U.s. | In 1832, Clay convinced Biddle to apply to Congress for a new charter, even though the current charter wouldn't expire until 1836. Clay's strategy backfired, jackson turned on him and the bank w/ vengenance. |
| jackson's view on 2nd bank of U.s. | After Congress failed to override his veto, jackson then set out to destroy the bank. Roger Taney agreed to sign the order removing federal deposits from the bank in 1833. the govts' $s were deposited in per banks, state banks controlled by Democrats. |
| Monster bank | Jackson distrusted banks like most westerners b/c gold and silver coins were scarce and the national govt didn't issue or regulate paper currency, money consisted primarily of notes issued as loans by private and state banks. these notes fluctated in val |
| Panic of 1837 | Ppl piled up on debt on the assumption that the good times would never end. In 1836, britain raised int rates and reduced credit lines of merchants involved in U.s. trade. Demand and price for cotton fell as a result. cotton main security for bank loans |
| Results of panic of 1837 | bank panic dragged down the entire economy. bankruptcies multiplied, investment capital dried up, and business stagnated. state govts slashed their budgets and halted all construction projects. 9 states defaulted on bonds. unemployment mounted |
| Martin Van Buren | President after jackson and was affected by the panic of 1837. Created the Independent Treasury System; govt would dispense w/ banks. Treasury would conduct its business in specie and would store specie in regional vaults. prolonged the depression. |
| the Whig Party | born in the congressional reaction to Jackson's Bank veto and his subsequent attack on national bank. anti-masons joined Whigs. 1836, strong enough to challenge democrats, but lacked a national org that could unite behind one candidate. had 4 candidates. |
| Whigs values | Whigs found the threat to republican liberities of the ppl in the expanisive powers of the presidency. in 1836, called for the election of a president of the nation, not a president of a party. valued spread of banking and paper $ economic program. |
| Whigs and Social Reforms | Whigs believed in promoting social progress and harmony through an interventionist govt. prohibited consumption of alcohol. Ideology blended economic, social, and spiritual reform into a unified message of uplift. Won in 1840 w/ harrison. |
| William Henry Harrison | won the election of 1840 for the Whig party. When he died in office, it was a real blow to Whig hopes of establishing the credibility of their party as an effective agent for positive change. Tyler became Pres and he had very different views than Whigs. |
| "log cabin campaign" | Democrats said that Harrison was too old for the presidency, and a Granny. Whigs said that he was "the log cabin and hard cider candidate," man of the common ppl from the West. They depicted Buren as a wealthy snob who was out of touch with the people. |
| tippecanoe and tyler too | Harrison won election with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too." Tippecanoe referred to Harrison's military victory over a group of Shawnee Indians at a river in Indiana called Tippecanoe in 1811. |
| Second Party System | intense national competition in the election of 1840 between whigs and democrats. it would dominate politics until the rise of the antislavery Republican party in the 1850s. |
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shiflettlk
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