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espnLSIIINeruro
ESPNLSIIINEURO
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Aphasia | Loss of ability to communicate, to speak coherently, or to understand speech |
| What is Aura | A sensation eg visual or auditory usually preceeding a seizure or migraine headache |
| What is Battle Sign | A small hemorrhagic spot behind the ear. (Usually is indicative of a fracture of a bone of the lower skull). |
| What is Doll's eye | Reflex movement of the eyes such that the eyes lower as the head is raised, indicating functional integrity of the neerve pathways involved in the eye movement. EYES DONT MOVE AS HEAD TURNS |
| What is Halo Sign | rainbow colors around lights as visualized by a patient with glaucoma. individual edema of cornea. Blood stays in middle, cerebral fluid spreads around the outside of blood. |
| What is Postictal Stage | Occuring after a sudden attack or stroke as an epileptic seizure or apoplexy. A rest period of variable length after a tonic clonic seizure. During this period patient usually feels groggy & acts disoriented Complains of H/A, muscle aches are common |
| What is Nystagmus | Involuntary rhytmic movements of the eyes in any direction |
| What is Nucchal Rigidity | A stiff neck, often associated with menengitis or brain hemmorhage. |
| What is Astigmatism | football shaped eyes, defect in the curvature of the eyeball surface |
| What is Enucleation | Surgical removal of the eyeball |
| What is Miotic | Causing constriction of the eye |
| What is Mydriatic | causing pupillary dilation |
| What is Myopia | Condition of nearsightness, inability to see objects at a distance |
| What is strabismus | Squinting do to decreased visual acuity, unequal or occular muscle tone or oculomotor nerve lesion. About 4% of children demonstrate strabismus (CROSS EYED) |
| Describe the pathology that occurs with MS | A viral infection may be the beginning mechanism, defective immune response important role of MS. Demyelinatioon are destributed randomly in wh matter of brain stem , spinal cord, optic nerves and cerebrum. Autoimmune response, myelene sheath, virus |
| What is the CNS | The central nervous system is responsible for interpreting incoming sensory info and issuing instrution based on past experiences |
| What is the Peripheral nervous system | Somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
| What is the sonomatic nervous system | sends messages from cns to the skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles) |
| What is autonomic nervous system | Transmits messages from the cns to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands (AKA involuntary nervous system |
| What are neurons | Transmitter cells carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord |
| what is neuroglia or glial cells | Support cells of the nerurons and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Which nerves are affected ny MS. | Demyelination of neurons of the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves, motor, sensory anything with myelin sheath |
| What are signs and symptoms of MS | Blurred vision is a common early sign Chronic fatigue weakness in legs diplopia, scotoma, dysarhthmia, paresthesias, numbness, burning, tingling |
| Why can symptoms vary widely between MS patients | Because the clinical picture and mode of progression vary greatly |
| Are there any neuron transmitters involoved with MS | NO |
| What visual problems are associated with MS | Blurred vision - Most common Diplopia - Double vision Scotoma - a spot in the visual field |
| What drugs are used to reduce the number and severity of exacerbations | glococorticoids, Interferon beta muscle relaxants - ACTH prednisone |
| Is there any pain or inflammation associated with MS | Inflammatory |
| Why is it important to turn or reposition Q2 hours | To avoid skin impairment other devices to help relieve pressure - egg crate or air mattress |
| What is diabetic retinopathy? | Disorder of retinal blood vessels |
| What is the treatment for diabetic retinopathy and how does it help | Early photocoagulation prevents retinal edema Laser their eyes' |
| What is glaucoma | Loss of peripheral |
| What causes glaucoma | Results from increased intraocular pressure caused by an excessive accumulation of acqueous humor. Anterior chambers doesnt drain out canal of schem blocked. |
| What medications are used to treat glaucoma | Beta Blockers - decrease Intra ocular pressure Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Osmotic Diuretics for acute |
| What are changes in the eye and ear associated with aging | Crystalline lens - hardens and becomes too large for eye muscles, loses some if its transparency and becoems more opaque, pupil becomes smaller ear loses ability to hear high frequency to distinguish constant sounds |
| What measures pressure | tinometer |
| what is presobia | Age related nearsighted |
| What is another name for near sightedness | myopia - Longer eyeball |
| What is another name for far-sightedness | hyperopia = shorter eyeball |
| patients with mcular degeneration will lose what part of their vision | Central |
| Patients with glaucoma will lose what part of their vision | Peripheral Vision |
| What is the appropriate way to talk to a patient whom is Hard of Hearing | Face patient while talking to them |
| What are signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus | Head circumference goes up fontonal bulging, pupil reaction sluggish, eyes show Sunset sign white sclera visible decrease LOC, scalp veins dilated high pitch cry |
| What drug is associated with Reye Syndrome | ASA Aspirin |
| Describe what happens in Rey's syndrome | Occurs in brain and liver, non inflammatory, cerebral edema, increase ICP, kidney |
| What is 20-200 vision | see at 20 feet another person can swee at 200 foot |
| What is the etiology with MS | Inflammatory, Demylination of nerves CNS with plaque formation Remissions and exaceerbations |
| What are the treatments with MS | Immunosupressannts, steroids, anti depression, muscle relaxants, bed rest during exacerbation |
| What is the prognosis for the MS patient | Progressive loss of functions with less improvemnet between attacks 12-15 year life expectancy after contraction |
| What is the signs and symptoms of ms | Increase WBC, Fatigue. weakness especially legs initially ddiplopia visual changes Increase gamma delta t cells in spinal fluid Intelligence not afected probably dementia in some down the road |
| When assessing LOC what 4 components of awareness are considered | Alert Disorientation, Stupor Comatose or semi comatose |
| what is a myelogram | It is used to identify lesions in the intradural or extradural compartments of spinal canal by observing radioopague dye through the subarachnoid space used to dx herniated or protruding disk. |
| What is angiogram | procedure used to visualize the Cerebral arterial system by injecting radiopague material. Used to detect tumors, aneurysms, vessel abormalities, ruptured vessels |
| Describe recommended nursing interventions for the patient with a headache. | Provide quiet enviroment Encourage verbalization of concerns Provide diversional activities Administer analagesic Provide comfortmeasures maintain non stressful environment Encourage pain reduction technicgue, rocking movement, external warmth, bre |
| What medications are used for a patient with neurological disorders | Neurontin Gabapentin contolls neurological pain non opiod analgesics - acetaminophen, darvon phenacetin and acetylalicylic acid opioids as muscle relaxants |
| How are seizure disorders like epilepsy treated | Use of 1 or more anti seize drugs, dilantin, luminal Therapy aimed at preventing seizures No cure Check blood levels to provide accurate check on therapeutic levels of meds. Determine if effective Also may have to surgical removal of brain tissue |
| Define MS and explain the treatment | Ms is a chronic progressive degenerative neurological disease that has an unknown cause |
| How is MS treated | No specific treatemtn, favorable results with ACTH, and corticosteroids such as Prednisose. Can give orally, IM or IVreduces edema and acute inflamation Drugs help decrease spasms valium, dantrium, interferon slows process of physical disablility |
| What are major signs and symptoms of Parkinsons | Tremors, muscle rigidy, slowed movements, and impaired balance and coordination |
| What are four stages of Alzheimers | Early Stage - mild mem loss dec in attent span 2nd stage - More obvious mem loss, loss of pers belong, lose recognize familiar faces 3rd stage - Total disorient to person place, time motor prob wand Terminal stage Sev mental & physical deter, incont. |
| What is myasthenia gravis | automimmune disease ofneuromuscular junction ages 10-65 Weaknss skeletal muscular group women usually 20-30 yrs. Droopy eyelid, diplopia, slow onset |
| What is amyotophic lateral sclerosis | LOU Gehrig - loss of motor neurons leads to death 2 6 years usual Ages 4070 2 x more in men Weakness upper extremities, dysarthria. dysphagia, muscle wasting,rmain cognitively intact |
| What is Guillain Barre syndrom | Acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy or pos infectious polyneuritis.Widspread inflammation of demylenation of peripheral nervous system |
| What diagnostic tests are done for Guillan barre syndrome | Diagnosed by elimination of other reasons for S & S characteristics muscle weakness CT Scan to rule out tumrs or stroke Lumbar puncture |
| Name 3 causes of conjunctivitis | Bacteria Virus Irritants |
| What part of the eyeball is affected with keratinitis | Cornea |
| Define Entropia | Inward turning of the eyelid |
| Define ectropiae | Outward turning of eyelid |
| What are the 3 leading causes of blindness in the US | Glaucoma, Diabetic retinopathy cataracts retinal degeneration |
| Cataracts affect what part of the eye | Lens |
| What is the most common cause of conductive hearing loss | Building increased of cerumen |
| The type of hearing loss associated with aging is known as | Sensorineural |
| Which type of hearing loss will a hearing aid that amplifies sound help | Conductive, sensorineural |
| What part of the ear is affected with otitis media | Middle ear inflammation |
| Name the bones of the ear and why do we have to have 3 | malleous, incus, stapes - transfers sounds |
| listthe S & S of Meniere's Disease | Vertigo, N, V, tinnitis, hearing losss, diaphoresis, recurrent vertigo |
| List the S & S of retinal detachment.How does the patient descibe their loss of vision | Sudden or gradual development of flashes of light, Floating spots Loss of specific vision of the field |
| Drugs that dialate the pupil are called | Mydriatics |
| Why do patients with glaucoma use miotic agents, such as pilocarpine | Allows aqueous humor to drain out of the canal of schlemm. Iris away from the Canal of Schlemm |
Created by:
gmabrender
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