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ImmuneSystem/HIV
Immune System / HIV / Opportunistic Infections
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| development of HIV antibodies; flu-like syndrome 1-3 weeks after injection | Seroconversion |
| *diagnositic tests ( most common) used to diagnose HIV & AIDS. *2 month window between infection and detection *positive detection takes between 2 weeks- 6 months | ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and is confirmed by Western Blot Assay or Immunofluorenscence Assay (IFA) |
| Opportunistic Infection *gradual worsening tightening in chest and SOB *persistent, dry, non-productive cough, rales * dyspnea and tachypnea *low-grade/high fever *progressive hypoxemia and cyanosis | pneumocystis carinii (pneumonia) |
| CD4+T cells count drops below 500-600; oral thrush, headache, aseptic meningitis, peripheral neuropathies; cranial nerve palsy | Early Disease detection of HIV |
| Opportunistic Infection *changes in taste sensation *difficulty swallowing *retrosternal pain *white exudate and inflammation of mouth and back of throat | candida albican stomatitis (esophagitis) |
| Opportunistic Infection *fever, headache, and blurred vision *nausea and vomiting *stiff neck, mental status changes and seizures | Cryptococcus neoformans (severe, debilitating meningitis) |
| Opportunistic infection *significant factor in morbidity and mortality *fever and malaise, weight loss, fatigue *lymphadenopathy, visual impairment *colitis, encephalitis, pneumonitis *adrenalitis, hepatitis, disseminated infection *retinochoroiditis | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
| Opportunistic Infection *most common malignancy *small, purplish-brown, non-painful, nonpruritic, palpable lesions occuring on any part of the body *most commonly seen on the skin *diagnosed by biopsy | Kaposi's Carcinoma |
| contact with antigen (childhood diseases), develops slowly; protective within weeks; long-term and specific | active/natural aquired specific deficiency |
| immunization with antigen (immunization with live/killed vaccine) protective in a few weeks- lasts several years - booster often needed | active/artfical aquired specific deficiency |
| transplacental and colostrum transfer; temporary (lasts months) | passive/natural aquired specific deficiency |
| injection of serum from immune human/animal. Immediate immunity (lasts several weeks) | passive/artificial aquired specific deficiency |
| an RNA virus;replicates inside a living cell, transcribes into DNA, which enters cell nuclei, becoming a permanent part of genetic structure; can remain dormant for 8-10years as HIV;destroys CD4+T cells;cell count <200;opportunistic infections may occur | AIDS (aquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |
| Transmission of _______ occurs with contaminated blood or body fluid, sharing IV drug needles, sexual contact, transplacental, and possibly through breast milk | HIV/AIDS |
| what is recommended for diet/nutrition with a patient with HIV? | High Protein and Calories. No fresh vegetables/fruits. |
| what drugs (type) are used to treat HIV? | antiretroviral agents |
| a profound defect in the immune system that strikes previously healthy individuals who have no known cause for the immunosupression. | AIDS |
| a collection of protein molecules manufactured by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of specific antigens | Antibodies |
| specific substances that induce the development of an immune response | Antigens |
| direct, indirect, or droplet contact of an infectious agent to a host | contact transmission |
| one of the herpes-type viruses, commonly found in AIDS patients and also in well homosexuals | CMV |
| linked with Burkitts Lymphoma and with nasopharyngeal cancer. It is also the cause of monocucleosis common in adolescents and young adults. In the herpes virus family | Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) |
| transmitted fecal-oral hepatitis virus | Hep A |
| hepatitis associated with liver cancer and transmitted by blood transfusions, mother to newborn, or through saliva, breast milk or genital secretions | Hep B |
| hepatitis transmitted blood to blood | Hep C |
| equips an individual to defend against infection | Immune system |
| the time between infection by a disease- causing organism and the onset or overt symptoms of the disease | incubation period |
| presence in the body of a pathogen | infection |
| a protein substance thought to be produced or released by cells after viral infection or by other stimuli | interferon |
| an abnormal condition of the lymph nodes and glads, in which the nodes enlarge, grow, swell and become palpable | Lymphadenopathy |
| oral structures throughout body that pass lymphocytes | lymphnodes |
| originate in the bone marrow, pass through blood stream, and enter other organs | lymphocytes |
| cells found in blood stream that act part of bodys immune system "eaters" | macrophages |
| various infectious organisms, (virus, fungi, parasites) which infect the immune system of a host that is compromised and cannot defend against a disease | opportunistic infections |
| microorganism or substance that is capable of producing diseases | pathogens |
| a form of pneumonia caused by a protozoan parasite | pneumocystitis carinii penumonia (PCP) |
| virus that are known to cause cancer in animals | retroviruses |
| a group of infections caused by viruses. The incubation periods are very long, and the clinical expressions of disease are low in progression | slow virus infections |
| removes worn-out cells from the circulatory system and is a "grave-yard" for RBC's, reintroducing iron from hemoglobin after red cell death | spleen |
| one of the subpopulations of T-lymphocytes that aid in the cytotoxic or killing function of T-lymphocytes | T-helper cells |
| responsible for the development of lymphocytes | thymus |
| redness, warmth, swelling, pain/tenderness, loss of function are all signs of __________. | inflammation with a localized infections |
| bloody, serous, cloudy, purulent are ________. | types of drainage with a localized infection |
| bacterial skin infection with involvment of connective tissue | cellulitis |
| weakness, headache, malaise, fever, increased, pulse, hypotension | generalized infections |
| most common nosocomial infection | UTI |
| most common nosocomial organism | staphylococcus aureus |
| what percentage of hospital patients aquire a nosocomial infection during their stay? | 5% or nearly 2 million |
| how can you prevent nosocomial infections with your external environment? | handwashing |
| how can you prevent nosocomial infections with your internal environment? | good nutrition and personal hygiene |
| in what way can you prevent nosocomial UTI's? | strict aseptic technique during instrumentation |
| in what way can you prevent nosocomial surgical wound infections? | handwashing and surgical asepsis |
| in what way can you prevent nosocomial respiratory infections? | clean nebulizers |
| in what way can you prevent nosocomial bacteremias? | excellent sterile technique with intravascular systems |
| name standard precautions (PPE) | handwashing, gloves, masks, eye protection, face shield, gowns |
| when should you use standard precautions? | when you may come in contact with body fluids, blood, secretions, excretions (except sweat), nonintact skin, and mucous membranes |
| what is airborne precautions, and what precautions should be used? | pathogens are <5 microns transported in air.private room w/ negative air-pressure,door closed at all times & pt is not to leave room.Wear a mask & can only be combined if it is with a pt with the same organism. pt to wear mask when transported |
| what kind of mask is worn with a TB patient? | fit-test respirator mask |
| measles, tb, chickenpox, and shingles are all __________ precautions | airborne |
| what is droplet precautions, and what precautions should be used? | droplets >5microns. involves contact with mucous membranes through coughing, sneezing, talking, or suctioning. private room unless another pt with same organism.must wear mask if coming within 3 feet of pt. pt on mask if transported.door may be open |
| diptheria, pharyngitis, pneumonia, meningitis, mumps, influenza are all ____________ precautions | droplet |
| what is contact precautions, and what precautions should be used? | needed with pt care that require skin-to-skin contact or contact with inanimate objects in pts environment.private room or with pt with same organism.clean gloves when entering room; gown if coming in contact with pt. pt to wear gloves & gown leaving room |
| MRSA, VRE, pediculosis, scabies, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, hepatitis A, GI, wound or urinary infections, Cdiff are all _______ precautions | contact |
| what is neutropenic precautions, and what precautions should be used (part 1 of 2)? | prevent infection among clients with immunosupression. asses skin integrity Q8hrs;auscultate breath sounds, presence of cough, sore throat;check temp Q4hrs;monitor CBC;private room;thorough hand hygiene before entering room;no staff with temp/cold |
| what is neutropenic precautions, and waht precautions should be used (part 2 of 2)? | no fresh flowers or standing water; clean room daily; low microbial diet:no fresh salads,unpeeled fruits or veggies; deep breathe q4hrs; meticulous body hygiene; inspect IV site and give meticulous care |
Created by:
nickijohnson07
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