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Patho
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stress Incontinence | -Involuntary loss of urine during coughing, laughing, sneezing, or lifting -Increases intra-abdominal pressure |
| Urge Incontinence | -Involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong desire to void (urgency) |
| Overflow Incontinence | -Involuntary loss of urine that occurs when intravesicular pressure exceeds the maximal urethral pressure because of bladder distention in the absence of detrusor activity |
| Mixed Incontinence | -Combination of stress and urge incontinence |
| Elderly Incontinence | -Capacity of the bladder is reduced -Urethral closing pressure is reduced -Detrusor muscle function declines -Leads to larger postvoid residual volumes -Restricted mobility -Increased medication -Comorbid illness -Infection -Stool impaction |
| Drug that Causes Urinary Retention | -Anticholinergic |
| Exercises for Urinary Incontinence | -Kegel exercises–strengthens pelvic floor, tighten butt together, helps make detrussor muscle stronger |
| Urinary Retention | -Bladder distention -Hesitancy -Straining when initiating urination -Small and weak stream -Frequency -Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying -Overflow incontinence |
| Signs of Bladder Cancer | -Increased frequency -Urgency -Dysuria -Hematuria |
| Diagnostic Measures for Bladder Cancer | -Cytologic studies -Excretory urography -Cystoscopy -Biopsy -Ultrasonography -CT scans -MRI |
| Treatment of Bladder Cancer | -Treatment methods depend on: Cytologic grade of the tumor, Lesion’s degree of invasiveness -Methods include: Surgical removal of tumor, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy |
| Which of the following display identifiable risk factors for development of urinary tract obstruction? | -Test Question -20 yo who has spinal bifida -30 yo woman diagnosed with gonorrhea -70 yo with a bowel obstruction |
| Overactive Bladder | -Can occur with or without incontinence -Neurogenic: CNS and neural control of bladder sensation and emptying -Myogenic: Involve smooth msucle of the bladder |
| Neurogenic Overactive Bladder | -On-off switch for voluntary control of bladder function -Damage to pathways may trigger bladder overactivity -Causes:CVA,parkinson,MS,I sensitization of afferent that sense bladder filling or I sensitivity to efferent that produce bladder emptying |
| Myogenic Overactive Bladder | Causes: -Outlet obstruction-partial destruction of nerve endings that control bladder excitability -> spontaneous bladder contractions from detrusor musc. hyperexcitability -Aging,DM |
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | -Breakage or leakage of a vessel in the brain -When it bursts=increase intracranial pressure -First sign we will see is neurologic -Surgeon clip it–cranianomy,also as in an aneurysm |
| Handling ICP | -10% blood -80% brain tissue -10% CSF |
| Neurological Changes | -Look at pupils (dilation) -Cortication (seizures) |
| Tonic Seizures | -characterized by a rigid, violent contraction of the muscles, fixing the limbs in a strained position. |
| Clonic Seizures | -consist of repeated contractions and relaxation of the major muscle |
| Tonic-Clonic Seizures | -Major motor seizure 60-90 sec -Contract musc w/extend of extremities&immediate loss consciousness -Incontinence,cyanosis&resp musc contract -Contract&relaxextremities -End of clonic phase,unconscious until RAS begins to func=postictal stage |
| Meningitis | -Caused by viral (lymphocytic) or bacterial (purulent) -Bacterial worse -S&S - Fever and chills, headache, stiff neck, back, abdominal, and extremity pains, nausea and vomiting, may or may not display petechial rash |
| Criteria for Vegetative State | -Absence of awareness of self&envir -Cant interact w/others -Absence of sustained or reproducible volun behav responses -Lack of lang comp -Hypothalamic&brain stem function to maintain life -Incontinence -CN&spinal cord reflexes -Condition at least |
| Hopeful Vegetative State | -Reflex and vegetative functions remain including sleep wake cycles -They have spontaneous eye opening without concurrent awareness, often confusing hopeful families. |
| What causes aneurysms? | -Congential defect in involved vessels -Atherosclerosis -HTN -Bacterial Infections |
| Global Ischemia | -Occurs when bf doesn't meet metabolic needs of brain -Unconsciousness,if circ is restored immediately so will consciousness -Cold water drowning, 10 min; recovery can be rapid -Cause: Cardiac arrest, hanging, asthma attack |
| Classification of Brain Tumors | - Primary intracranial tumors of neuroepitelial tissue -Primary intracranial tumors that originate in the skull cavity but are not derived from the brain tissue itself -Metastatic tumors |
| Benign vs. Malignant | -Doesn't apply to brain tumors as it does to other tumors -Even benign tumors can grow and cause death |
| Astrocytic Brain Tumor | -S&S:Droop of opp side affected by bleed,slurred speech,pupil changes -CT scan first wouldn't show but after 24hrs it would show up on a scan -Benign behavior -Surgical removal best in cerebellar cortex rather than in hypothalamus or brain stem |
| Subdural Hematoma | -Result of a tear in the small bridging veins that connect veins on the surface of the cortex to dural sinuses -Develops in the area between the dura and the arachnoid (subdural space) |
| Ischemic Strokes | -Caused by an interruption of blood flow in a cerebral vessel and are the most common type of stroke -Accounting for 70–80% of all strokes. |
| Risk factors for Stroke | -Age -Sex-male -Race-AA -Hereditary -HTN -Hyperlipidemia -Smoking -DM -Heart disease -Carotid " -Coagulation disorder -Obesity/inactivity -Heavy alcohol use -Cocaine use |
| Traniest Ischemic Attack | -AKA a mini stroke -Usually resolves within 24 hours but most symptoms resolve within a couple minutes -If bf returns then function is also returned to that part of the body |
| Coma | -State of being unarousable and unresponsive to external stimuli or internal needs |
| Delirium | -State |
Created by:
prettyinpink7
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