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Patho, GU, Neuro
Pathophysiology final @ UTA Fall 2010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Male GU problems | Testicular cancer Prostate problems Infections (urethritis, prostatitins) |
| Testicular cancer | Younger man; usually painless mass cryptorchidism high cure when cough early (self exam) |
| Cryptorchidism | Undescended testicles Increases risk for testicular cancer (Self exam) |
| Prostate problems | BPH: Proliferation of prostate tissue Common in men over 50 Cancer: Diet high is saturated fat, high testosterone |
| Diagnostic of prostate problems | High PSA (prostate specific antigen) |
| S&S of BPH (Benign prostate hyperplasia) | weak urine flow Slow to start flow urinary retention Hydronephrosis due to back up of urine |
| Male urogenital infections | most often caused by STI Chlamydia & gonorrhea. which cause urethritis and prostatitis. |
| Female GU problems | Uterus problems Ovarian cancer PID infection (Pelvic Inflamatory Disease) Urologic infections menopause |
| GU problems in the uterus | Dysminorrhea: Painful, heavy periods Amenorrhea: No periods Endometriosis: Ectopic endometrium in pelvis during monthly hormonal cycle ( Can lead to infertility |
| Ovarian cancer | Vague S&S. Vague Abdominal disconfort, constipation. often not dx till reaches liver |
| PID Infection (Pelvic Inflamatory Disease) | Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes and/or ovaries. often caused by chlamydia |
| Menopause | Atrophy of the ovaries no estrogen, no bone build-up leading to osteoclast activity and osteoporosis |
| Hydronephrosis | can lead to malfunction of nephron and renal failure |
| causes of hydronephrosis | any urinary obstructive disorder that makes fluid back up to the kidney. |
| Lithiasis | Kidney stones. also called, calculi. name can be in reference of the location of the calculi |
| Causes of Lithiasis | dehydration, hyperuricemia hypercalcemia desorders such as multiple myeloma |
| Glomerulonephitis | Inflamation of the glomerulus Most often caused by Post-strep autoinmune disorder |
| S&S of glomerulonephitis | hematuria hyperproteinuria oligurea (due to less GFR) |
| Nephotic syncope | when glomerular problems result in urine proteins levels greather than 3.5gm S&S are similar to glomerulonephitis |
| S&S Renal failure | Edema electrolite problems (Hyperkalemia) low gravity oligurea High BUN & Creatine (azotemia) Uremia (azotemia + other S&S) |
| Types of renal failure | ACUTE RENAL FAILURE Prerenal Intrarenal Postrenal CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE (CKD) (CRD) |
| Acute renal failure | Oligurea that occurs abruptly due to prerenal, intrarenal or postrenal causes |
| Prerenal (acute renal failure) | problem of blood flow to kidneys S&S dehydration If not fixed patient can develop CKD with fluid overload |
| Intrarenal (acute renal failure | Tubular necrosis (ATN) cells will cast and cause ischemia and necrosis Most often a direct trauma but can be caused by worsen prereanal and postrenal problems S&S: oligurea, high BUN/creatine cast in urine |
| Postrenal (acute renal failure) | Obstruction causes backup of urine into kidney (Hydronephrosis) that interferes with tubular function |
| Chronic Kidney disease CKD chronic renal failure CRF | progressive disease of nephron failure,caused by ARF not treated properly, HTN, Diabetes and more |
| S&S CKD, CRF | Oliguria or anuria Azotemia (High BUN & creatine) uremia (azotemia+ other S&S) Fluid & electrolyte imbalances ruritis (precipitation of urea on skin) Neurologic changes anemia (less EPO) |
| Treatment of CKD CRF | Dialysis treat the symptoms Restrict K, Na, & H2O in diet Give phosphate-binding antiacids Give Ca & Vit D Give EPO anti HTN and non-K sparing diuretics |
| ophthalmologic disorders | Mydriasis "pupil dilation" Miosis "Pupil constriction" Abnormal assestment "Laxk of contriction to light would be and ipsilateral finding" |
| Mydriasis | Pupil dilation Sympathetic response that occurs upon exposure to darkness |
| Miosis | Pupil constriction Parasympatetic response that occurs to exposure to light |
| CPP & ICP Craneal Perfusion Pressure & Intracraneal pressure | CPP is trelated to BP and increased or reduces ICP. Low ICP: B/c low BP Low CPP = hupovolemia, atherosclerosis High ICP: due to high BP/ High ICP: Causes intracerebral bleeding & edema |
| IICP S&S Increased intracerebral pressure | Change level of conciousness Cheyne strokes Babinski's reflex Papilledema Diffuse problem Confusion, decreased LOC, Fairly simetrical reflexes Focal problems Where in the lesion: Contralateral below neck and ipsilateral above neck |
| Cheney strokes | Altered breathing pattern in comatose state |
| Babinski's | Indicates brain lesson Plantar reflex loss of essential reflexes cough gag swallowing |
| Treatment of ICP | toward lowering ICP keep head of bed ~30 degrees stable BP diuretics |
| Types of Ischemic stroke | Thrombolitic Thrombus going in arteries Embolitic Clot that breack off a thrombus "a-fib TIA "Transien ischemis attack NOT a true stroke |
| types of hemorrhagic stroke | Intracerebral bleeding from head injury, burst aneurysm, HTN, coagulation dissorders |
| Hemispheric strokes | paresis on contralateral side below neck paresis on ipsilateral side above neck hemisphere-specific probelms Right or left |
| aphasia and inability to do math | Lesion in left hemisphere |
| lesion in right hemisphere (hemisphere specific problems) | Decrease in spatial understanding insight into condition left-side neglet |
| Cerebellar stroke | Vertigo Nystagmus loss of balance |
| Brain stem stroke | respiratory problems CV problems CN problems |
| Treatment of stroke | Clot-busting drugs anticoagulants Surgery Any intervention that help decrease hypoxia & IICP such as HOB up, Give O2 BP management |
| Alzheimer's Degenerative disease of brain | Type of dementia caused by abnormal accumulation of amyloid in brain tissue and presence of neurofibrillary tangles inside cell bodies of neurons in brain S&S Severe memory, behavioral and motor changes |
| Parkinson's Degenerative disease of brain | caused by decreased dopamine in the basal ganglion of the brain having too much ACH exitating other cells S&S Circuit overload Rigidity "cog-wheel rigidity" Slow movement dyskinesia shuffling gait Tx give dopamine and ACH meds |
| Multiple Sclerosis Degenerative disease of brain | T cells attack myelin sheaths of random axons in brain affecting areas of body controlled by those neurons by interrupting signals or slowing them down S&S Asymmetric weakness of an extremity, Bladder problems, ataxia, vision problems |
| Migraines | Headache syndrome due to vasoconstriction of brain vessels due to serotonin or vasodilation due to prostaglandis |
| Seizures | Sudden, chaotic discharge of neurons in brain Epilepsy if chronic general (unconscious, tonic-clonic movement) Partial usually local and concious post-ictal state after seizure and characterized by groggy and confusion |
| Meningitis | infection or inflammation of the meninges cause cerebral edema S&S photophobia, headache, irritability, resrlessness, confusion, neck stiffness Possitive brudzinski's and Kernig's signs High protein in CSF Hing WBCs, low glucose |
| myasthenia gravis | caused by autoantibodies that destroy ACH receptors, at the distal end of neuromuscular junction S&S Weakness that gets worse with activity Tx cholinesteraseto increase ACH in in junction or thymectomy to decrease T cells |
| hyperthyroidism | state of excess of T3 and T4 secreted by thyroid gland S&S metabolism overdrive, nervousness, irritability, tachicardia, increased apetite but patient stays thin & fatigued, tissue build-up behind eyes, sweating, warm skin, HIGH T4 and LOW TSH |
| graves' disease | common cause of hyperthyroidism. autoantibodies mimic TSH fittingin TSH receptors in thyroid causing it to over-secrete T3 & T4 |
| Thyroid Storm | Extreme version of hyperthyroidism extreme tachicardia HF Shock Temp of 104-105 agitation delirium seizures |
| Hypothyrodism | Low thyroid hormone secretion Caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis endemic iodine S&S opposite to hyperthyroidism bloated face apareance "myxidema LOW T4 & HIGH TSH Extreme version myxidema crisis, or coma goiter Tx thyroid meds |
| Hyperthyroidism caused by pituitary | Hypersecretion of TSH both TSH and T4 will be high Hyposecretion of TSH is not a pituitary problem neither thyiroid |
| Calcium movement | PTH increases movement of Ca from bone to blood calcitoning does the opposite |
| PTH | Increases Ca in blood too much hypercalcemia leading to kidney stones, hyperpolarization of cells "weakness, lethargy," also osteoporosis Low PTH Opossite, tetany, muscle spams, positive Chvostek's Hypopolarization |
| Resorption | bringing something back into blood, most often refers to Ca coming into blood from bone "bone resorption |
Created by:
EArteaga
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