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Pharmcology

Test 1 Dr. Hutcherson

QuestionAnswer
Basic Term- Drug Forms Solids consist of..... tablet, enteric-coated, sustained release, capsule & caplets, Trouche, suppository.
Basic Term-Drug Forms semi solids consist of..... Ointment, Cream.
Basic Term-forms Liquids consists of..... Syrup, Elixer, Tincture, Suspension, Emulsion, parental meds, ophthalmic & otic meds.
Enteral means.... absorbed via oral or gastrointestinal -Oral -sublingual -Rectal
Parental Means.... Injection, absorbed through tissue. -Subcutaneous (SQ) -Intramuscular (IM) -Intravenous (IV) -Intradermal (ID)
Topical Means.... Absorbed via surface. -Trandermal(ex. Patches) -inhalation -Eye, ear, nose drops -Aerosols,pastes, powders, solutions, foams, gels, suppositories, ointments.
Enteral and topical depending on formulation??? Rectal
What drugs absorb faster? Liquids, elixirs, syrups, suspensions,capsules.
what drugs absorb slower? tablets, coated tablets, Enteric Tablets.
-Responsible for overseeing development and approval of new drugs, determining whether drug OTC or prescription. Food and Drug Administration. (FDA)
-Responsible for all laws relative to sale and distribution of medications, particularly controlled substances. Drug enforcement agency (DEA)
Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906.... First law to restrict manufacture and distribution of drugs by requiring government pre-approval of a drug. Established FDA. Required drugs to meet specified purity standards, required labeling, and prohibited misleading information about the ingredient
What is the Black Box warning? warning on a MED from FDA, because of reported problems, it is not illegal for Dr's to prescribe against black box, but increases liability.
These are not controlled by the FDA, No requirements. in regards to purity, safety, effectiveness and labeling. Herbal products & nutritional supplements
when does the FDA gets involved in regards to Herbal products & nutritional supplements? "After the FACT" if harm occurs
Do require FDA approval? Food Additives.
Categories of Controlled Drugs Schedule I.... High abuse potential; no accepted medical use and may not be prescribed (heroin, cocaine {except certain cocaine used as local anesthetic}, hallucinogens
Categories of Controlled Drugs Schedule II... High abuse potential but accepted medical use. Includes most narcotics, amphetamines, strong sedatives. Usually Dr. cannot call in prescription to drug store, must have written prescription
Schedule II...where can the orders be placed? and how? (In hospital, telephone and verbal orders are OK; however, Dr. must co-sign order within 48 hrs). No Rx refill. In hosp, PRN order must be renewed q 72 hrs; scheduled order (such as q 6h) valid only for 1 wk;
Schedule III & Schedule IV Varying degree of abuse potential. Prescription valid for 6 months or 5 refills. Schedule III includes anabolic steroids (body building steroids), narcotic combination products; Schedule IV includes most tranquilizers, sleeping pills
Schedule V: Includes meds with small amt of narcotic; may incl some OTC drugs that require special records; varies from state to state
Florida’s “Negative Formulary” LawRequires.. pharmacist to offer generic form of drug, unless...? Physician specifies no substitution Drug appears on this “negative formulary”, which is list of drugs which cannot be substituted (only about 7 drugs now on list)
In Phases of Human drug testing what is Phase 1? Primarily healthy subjects, perhaps small group of patients; designed primarily to prove safety in humans, determine safe dosage, route of administration, metabolism, etc
In Phases of Human drug testing what is Phase 2? Patients with disease the drug is designed to treat; results compared to healthy subjects, primarily to prove effectiveness, monitor for side effects, refine therapeutic range
In Phases of Human drug testing what is Phase 3? Much larger group of patients (up to several thousand) with disease the drug is designed to treat; to further prove safety, effectiveness, and appropriate dosage; to determine benefit versus risk
Off Label use of meds is...? NOT Illegal
A Generic drug must....? be bioequivalent to the brand name drug.
Drugs from other countries.... cannot legally be brought to the U.S.
A drug being in the body does .... not necessarily lead to an action of that drug. Must be an (unbound) sufficient free drug level and a receptor response for an action to occur.
A patients states that they are allergic to a med, what do you do? Ask what happens when he/she takes it? if upset stomach, it is not allergic reaction.
What is LFT's? Liver Function tests
How can LFT's be ordered? LFT or individual
Formerly SGPT enzymes of AST
formerly SGOT enzymes of ALT
BUN and creatinine evaluate.... renal function and ability to excrete drugs.
The Primary factor of affecting pharmacokinetics in any patient is..? organ function especially in elderly, infants and young children.
What factors influence 1-absorbtion 2-distrubution 3-metabolism 4-excretion
when talking about Pharmacokinetics, metabolism occurs.... In the liver, the degree of metabolism of drug depend on liver function, ex. poor liver poor metabolism.
Enzymes function may be enhanced (resulting in greater metabolism and less effect of the drug) or inhibited (resulting in less metabolism and more drug effect) Hepatic enzymes.
Orally administered drugs that enter the portal circulation and pass through liver first before entering general circulation. If the drug has a high ... hepatic first pass effect, drug would be metabolized before reaching circulation.
when talking about Pharmacokinetics,excretion occurs... in the kidneys, but can occur in other areas.
Speed at which drug leaves the body is called... clearance
what are some factors affecting excretion of drugs? -Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration -pH of urine -transport across renal tubles -evaluate renal function , BUN and Creatinine.
Incompatibility refers to... Physical reaction btwn two drugs when mixed in same syringe.
Pharmacodynamic reactions: Additive....? Greater affect 1+1=2
Synergistic....? Greater than affect alone 1+1=5
Potentiation....? combined drugs with different effects being enhanced 1a+1b=2a
Antagonistic...? combined effect is less than a single agent,one drug diminishes the other 1+1=<1
most commonly uncomfortable, but tolerable symptoms side effect
life threatening effect Toxic effect
unpredictable, unexpected reaction due to genetic differences Idiosyncratic reaction
disease produced by drugs latrogenic disease
most commonly are hepatoxcity and nephrotoxicity Organ toxicity
causes fetal defects Teratogenic
causes cancer carcinogenic
Created by: mari7512
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