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U.S. semester 1
corfield u.s. history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Triangle Trade | trading system between 3 points |
| Jamestown | 1st established english colony. lots of disease and starvation, cashcrop=tobacco |
| mercantalism | competition for wealth through trade main focus: to be self sufficent |
| Navigation Acts | colonial trade between england and colonies... 1.trade through english ports. 2. 3/4 of ship crew had to be english 3.only cash crops 4.must be english ships |
| Results of Navigation acts | Colonies ignored the acts so parliment got involved and put Masachusetts under military rule. |
| Jamestown labor | 1.headright system: rich people paid for poor peoples voyage and the poor got 50 acres of land. 2.indentured servents:rich paid for poor to come and they paid back with work. 3.African Laborers: slaves |
| French&Indian war...cause | french were trying to expand to the northern empire and built fort duquense which conflicted with british plan for ohio brits sent military to drive out french french counter attacked brits and mini battles led to the war |
| French&Indian war...results | Brits and colonies won by surprise attack on french. |
| Salutary Neglect | Relaxed enforcement from england |
| House of Burgesses | In virgina. A representative government with upper and lower houses based on wealth, land, etc. |
| Enlightenment | Using reason and scientific method while looking at the world. |
| Great Awakening | Religious revival |
| Proclimation of 1763 | Brits wanted to stop problems with native americans and said that noone could cross the appalachian mts. to the western lands. |
| Sugar Act | People were being accused of smuggling, so this act imposed laws such as... 1.halved the duty of foreign made molassis 2.placed duties on certain imports 3.strengthened law enforcement |
| Currency Act | Prohibited colonies from issuing their own money/currency |
| Stamp Act | George Greenville said that colonists had to purchase special stamped paper for all legal doccuments |
| Sons of Liberty/Stamp act protest | Sam Adams. Secret resistance group against stamp act |
| Stamp Act congress | Issued declaration of rights and grievances which stated that parliament lacked the power to impose taxes because the colonies werent represented in parliament |
| Stamp Act result | Colonies joined together and refused to import goods from british until the Acts were repealed. |
| Declaratory Act | Asserted parliaments power to make laws |
| Townshend Act | Townshend placed a direct tax on all imported materials. a 3-penny tax on tea. The colonies declared the taxes unconstitutional |
| Boston Massacre | Colonists were angry over townshend act. British soldiers were in Boston streets where mobs formed and fights broke out over jobs. Armed clash errupted and the massacre was seen as soldiers attacking defenseless citizens |
| Committiees of correspondence | line of communication between the colonies because they feared british plan to take americans to england for trial after attak on british ship(gaspee) |
| Tea Act | Granted british tea compant the right to sell tea without having to pay the taxes the colonial companies paid. |
| Boston Tea Party | Boston rebels disguised as indians dumped 18,000lbs of tea into the boston harbor |
| Intolerable Acts | put in place after tea party. laws included... 1.shut down boston harbor 2.quartering act(allowed british soldiers into private homes/buildings) 3.Masachusettes was put under military rule (thomas gage) |
| First Continential Congress | based off of committiees of corrospondence the colonies had 56 delegates come up with a declaration of colonial rights and wanted to run their own affairs and encouraged fighting back. |
| Concord | first battle of the revolutionary war. Gage sent troops to concord after hearing rumors of weapons being stored, troops were to create a detailed map of their findings. brits taken by surprise when 4,000minute men fired from behind walls brits retreat |
| Lexingotn | 15min long battle. brits took on 70 minute men outside of lexington. |
| Patriots | P: loyal to colonies L: loyal to king |
| Bunkers Hill | commanders- B:gage C:washington Brits marched and colonists prepared on top of hill. colonies had advantage being on top. after 3 failed attempts, brits won becuase colonies ran out of amo. brits suffured many losses |
| Saratoga | Commanders- B:burgoyne&howe C:gates Turning point in war...colonies won by surrounding brits, brits surrendered. This changed brits strategy and the colonies got the french to help. |
| Philadelphia | commanders- B:howe C:washington brits won and captured phili. |
| Trenton | Washington took troops over deleware river on xmas night and invvaded hessians fort, capturing 980hessians. led to more victories and more men bagan to enlist in army |
| Yorktown | comanders- B:cornwallis C:washington last major batter, in virgina, pushed brits to island with nowhere to retreat, colonies won and cornwallis was decalred a coward by not attending ceremony. |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 (Who was there) | Colonies British Spain and France |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 (what they wanted) | Colonies: complete imdependence and gov't recognized. Brits: Think colonies are theirs, took over canada,think colonies will fail. France: supports american independence but fears strong america. Spain: wants land west of apps. wants to keep land in Fl. |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 (problems) | 1.Brits didnt protect land and had conflicts with native americans 2.Treaty didnt state when brits had to leave, and now they wont. 3.causes alot of debt. longterm: debt, finance, slavery, womens rights |
| Land Ordinance & forming new states | colonies want to begin exploring west and they gained northwestern lands. 3steps to become state: 1.congress appoints governor 2.5,000voting residents=temporary constitution 3.60,000residents=set constitution |
| National Bank | Hamilton. Need to pay off debts and form currency |
| Federalist Party (main ideas) | Strong federal government. National banks. Industry&business. Standing army. Flexible constitution. pro-british |
| Democratic-Republican | Strong state government. farmers. no banks. strict constitution.pro-french. call up army at spur of moment. |
| Washington's Judiciary Act | Provided supreme court with 5 jucdices, set up 3 federal courts and 13 state courts, and allowed appeal process(allows people to question the constitution) |
| District of Columbia | dispute over where to put the nation's capitol, they decide washington D.C. because between the north and south. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | New government taxes whiskey and farmers became angry and rebelled. Governemnt showes power and farmers back down. |
| French Revolution | First foregin problem effecting trade and shipping, US does not get involved but it impacts our government. |
| Pickney's Treaty | Problems with spain and land: US wants more land and sends Pickney asking to share florida, US granted power to control the land. |
| Jay's Treaty | Treaty with Britain dealing with traede over the sea. Jay allowed Brits to stay in Canada and gave up all of our rights which destroyed our trade so people hated him. |
| Washington's Farewell Address | 1. Avoid political parties 2. Avoid foregin affairs- stay neutral 3. Government must rotate- shorter terms |
| XYZ Affair | Over trade agreements, Adams sent ambassadors to France and French sent low level ambassadors (XYZ), French think they are superior and demands a bribe. Adams is embarassed. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | This act brings Adams down. A series of laws limiting critizism about the governemnt. Raises limits on immigration on free speech, press. |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Led by Jefferson and Madison. Upset by government control by Adams. States want more rights for themseleves. They can now make any law null and void. |
| Federalist Papers | The Federalist (85 essays by Thomas Jefferson defending the constitution) |
| War Hawks | People who advocate and support war. |
| Declaration of Independence (main deas) | Ideas & The Common Sense (writen by Thomas Pain about Americans needing Independance). Colonists were urged to fight for their Independence rights. |
| Olive Branch Petition | Colonists sent olive branch to king george II asking to return to the old peaceful ways. |
| War of 1812 | Between Britain and France: the british force americans to fight with them, by seizing them at sea. Madison decided to go to war because he thought Brits were ruining US economy. |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Ban on exporting products to other countries.Thought it would hurt other countries but ended up hurting us. |
| Treaty of Ghent | On christmas eve, it declared an end to the war of 1812. War ended just as it started (suddenly). |
| Terms of Treaty of Ghent | 1. Open trade between countries. 2. Joint occupation of Oregon Territory. 3.Rush-Bagot which limited number of warships on the great lakes. 4.Set northern boundries of Louisiana Territory (49th paralell) |
| Marshall Cases #1 Marbury vs Madison | Marbury wants court order for commissions to be delievered. Impact: supreme court asserts judicial review. |
| Marshall Cases #2 Fletcher vs Peck | Georgia tries to recover land. Impact: states cannot alter contracts after they are made. |
| Marshall Cases #3 McCulloch vs Maryland | Maryland taxes a branch of second branch of the national bank and the bank refuses to pay. Impact: states cant interfere with national government. |
| Marshall Cases #4 Dartmouth College | New Hampshire tries to alter dartmouth charter. Impact: helps free business from state legislature and attempts to alter its terms. |
| Marshall Cases #5 Gibbons vs Ogden | Issue over new york charter controlling steam boats. Impact: regulatory power of Congress to complete in itself. Forbade states to restrict interstate trade. |
| The Naturalization Act | Increased the amount of time it takes to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years. |
| Impressment | British forced colonists into their navy. |
| Adam's-Onis Treaty | Treaty between US and Spain declaring US got the land of Florida and set boundaries between US and Mexico. |
| The American System | Proposed by Henry Clay 1.Establish a protective tarrif (still have it today)Foreign Goods = more $ 2.National Bank 3.International Transportation Systems |
| American System-Internal Improvements | 1.Roads 2.Canals |
| Tarrif of 1816 | Tax to help rebuild transportation. |
| Monroe Doctrine | The idea of Europe staying out of the US. We said that they could not take anymore of our land. |
| Eli Whitney | Creator of the Cotton Gin |
| Missouri Compromise | Question over being a free or slave state. 1.Became a slave state 2.We took Maine out of Massachusettes 3.Maine became a free state |
| 36'30 Parallel | Anything above line is free state, below is a slave state. |
| Election of 1824 | The first time other people actually wanted to be president. States began to count popular votes. Won by John Quincy Adams. |
| The Jackson Administration | Andrew Jackson was known as the hero of the common man. He wants to represent the people. |
| Spoils System | Jackson fired his enemies and hired his friends. "A clean house" was when all presidents put in their own "crew". |
| Jackson relations with Native Americans | Indian Removal Act. He didn't agree with marshall courts decision that the Indians could stay so he went to the Indians at gun point and forced them to move (trail of tears). |
| Jackson Bank Issues | Congress renewed bank charter too early and Jackson vetoed the bank bill. |
| Trail of Tears | Jackson forced Indians to move. |
| sectionalism | pride and excessive regard for local and sectional intrests |
| Northern Sectionalism | immigration and industries, cities develop, railraods,network of fast communication. |
| Southern Sectionalism | Agriculture, slavery, rural society, economy relied on crops. |
| Wimont Proviso | California and all territories in the west will be closed to slavery. This divided Congress. |
| Compromise of 1850 | Henry Clay. 1.California=free state 2.Utah and New Mexico decide about slavery 3.Texas and New Mexico boundry resolved 4.slave sale banned in D.C. 5. Fugitive Slave Act |
| Popular Soverignty | rights of residences of a slavery to vote for or against slavery |
| Fugitive Slave Act | required people in free states to help capture and return escaped slaves |
| personal liberty laws | forbade imprisonment of runaway slaves and gaurunteed them jury trials |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, an abolisionist. A huge hit and helped strengthen northern feelings against slavery and portrayed the horrible lives of slaves. |
| Fredrick Douglass | A runaway slaves. Wants railroads and Nebraska and Utah to be states, obsessed with popular soverignty |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Dividing territory into Kansas and Nebraska, became a law and people saw hope in the West. |
| Bleeding Kansas | 2 capitols in Kansas with opposite opinions in government. |
| Whig Party | Northern: opposed fugitive slave act & supported compromise of 1850 Southern: pro union and pro slavery |
| Whig Party Disappears | because of the Kansas Nebraska Act |
| The Know Nothing Party | it was formed by the american party who believe strongly in nativism. Northern: anti slavery & republicans Southern: pro slavery & democrats |
| Free Soil Party | opposed extension of slavery |
| Republican Party | opposed expansion of slavery in territories. Lincoln ran with their ideas. |
| Dread Scott Decision | He was a slave and his owner took him to Wisconsin (a free state) so Scott thought since he lived in a free state he would be free. He took owner to court and sued for his freedom |
| Results of Dread Scott Decision | 1. Slaves didn't have rights of citizens 2. no right to freedom if lived in slave state 3.Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional violating the 5th Amendment regarding property. |
| 54 40 or fight | polak newspaper slogan, referring to the 54, 40 which was the nothern limit of the disputed oregon territory. |
| Manifest destiny | belief that is was the U.S. destiny to expand westward into the pacific ocean and mexican territory |
| Joseph Smith | Played a major role in the religous community and formed a church in NY |
| William Loyd Garrison | Created the newspaper called the liberator. white abolitionist. The liberator wrote about emancipation of all slaves with no payments to slave holders. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | the crazy lady who came with her weapon to fight for rights. |
| Texas Revolution | texans rebel against mexican rule over cultural differances and slavery. |
| Battle of the Alamo | Texans attacked and drove mexicans out of the alamo. tons of americans and mexicans died. |
| President Polk | polk favored war with mexico over the annixation of texas, could have been peaceful but the mexican gov't wasnt stable and the U.S. aspirations of new land caused problems. |
| Dorthea Dix | A women who pretended to be mentally ill, to get herself into a prison in order to see what needs to be done to fix things. |
| Hayne-Webster debate | debate over ending slavery. resulted in a motion to abolish slavery in state legislatures. the motion failed which closed the debate. |
| Election of 1860 | Lincoln was elected even though he wasnt even represented on any southern ballotts. this led to the south questioning the northern authority which caused them to succeed from the union. |
| Goals of the Union | Union Anaconda plan: suqeez the life out of the south by... 1.blockade the confederate ports. 2.Blockade water ways and rivers. divide the south by the mississippi river. 3.capture the southern capital of Richmond. |
| Goals of the Confederates | defensive tactics. want to become their own free territory (confederate states of america) |
| Advantages of the Union | very powerful and industrialized more rail roads and supplies with a greater population. |
| Advantages of the Confederacy | Good generals and dedicated soldiers willing to die for the south.better trained soldiers and $ from cotton |
| Union & Confederate presidents | U:Lincoln C:Davis |
| 1st Battle Bull Run | 1st-near D.C. Generals: U-McClellen C-Lee&Jackson. Union was winning at first but South ended with a victory. Lincoln hired McClellen as head general |
| Antietam | 3 battles(one of bloodiest in history) Generals: U-McClellen C-Lee&Jackson. Union was lucky and found confederate plans. considered a draw but given to the union because confeds retreated. McClellen was fired. |
| Gettysburg Day 1 | Generals: U-Buford&Meade C-Hill. Accidental battle confederates were on offense, shoe warehouse and the union had high advantage but cnfederates won. seized gettysburg |
| Gettysburg Day 2 | Generals: U-Chamberland C-Lee&Longstreet. Union attacks confederates, back and forth battle which resulted in union victory |
| Gettysburg Day 3 | Generals: U-Meade&Gregg C-Lee&Pickett Picketts charge, confederates want to bomb the Union. Confederates lost, under-estimated the Union Power. Union victory, Lee never recovered. |
| Vicksburg | Union general-Grant. Grant sent men on horse and foot to capture railroads and vicksburg, they surrounded and seized vicksburg. Union Victory and the plan to split the south in 2 was complete. Gettysburg address was given. |
| Forts Donelson | Union general: Grant. Grant captured both confederate forts in key points because both lie on rivers. stretegic win for Union. |
| 7 Days Battle | Generals: U-McClellen C-Lee. confederates had few soldiers but still won, McClellen retreats. |
| Radical Republicans | Sumner and Stevens were the leaders. They want harsh punishment for the South and to destroy them. |
| Johnson's Plan | 1. South swear allegence to the Union 2. Southern states declare succession illegal 3.Ratify the 13th amendment |
| 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments | 13:abolish slavery 14:citizen's rights 15:voting for blacks |
| Sherman's March | Sherman plans to march through and destroy the South. Burned everything to the ground |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Freedom of Southern Slaves; not border states |
| Johnson's Impeachment | He was not doing his job and found guilty by one vote |
| Reconstruction Act of 1867 | Radicals had majority so they did whatever they wanted and didn't recognize any other plans. South was put under military law in 5 districts. |
| Hirem Revels | First black senator. |
| Wade-Davis Bill | Want congress to not be in charge of reconstruction. They don't want 10% majority. |
| Carpet Bagger | northern who moved to the south after the civil war. |
| Scallawag | A white southerner who joined the Republican party after the Civil War. |
| Share Cropper | A plantation owner who gives parts of his land to poor families and they have to give a majority of the money from their crops to him. |
| Lincoln's Assasination | In the theater with his wife, Lincoln was shot in the head by John Wilks Booth. |
| Lincoln's 10% Plan & Attitudes towards the south | Lincoln wants linient and easy readmission to the Union.New State government approves of 10% of people on the voting list1.swear allegience to the Union 2. Form government and send members to congress 3.Pardon to all citizens except high ranking officials |
| Border States | Maryland,Delaware,Kentucky,Missouri |
| Ironclads | Ship |
| Joseph Hooker | Union General- ladies man |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederate General. Battles: Won the 7 days battle in Richmond, Chanslersville |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union General. Battles: Tennesse, led battles along mississippi, fort henry and donalson, and siloh |
| McClellan | Union General. Lead in 7 days Battles at Richmond & Anteitem. Fired by Lincoln for being too cautious after Antietem. |
| A.P. Hill | Confederate General. Obsessed with battle led in Gettysburg day 1. |
| Stonewall Jackson | Confederate General. Lead Bull Run. Killed in chancellorsville. |
| Election of 1876 | Republican was Rutherford B. Hayes and the Democrat was Samuel Tildin. The problem was that Tildin had won the popular vote, and there was no electoral majority vote, so the House had to decide. |
| Election of 1876 Deal | The deal made was that the Democrates said Rutherford could be President only if he ends Reconstruction, and also if he sends Federal money to help rebuild the South! |
| Tenure of Office Act | Says the President can't remove people from the Cabinet; only congress can. Used to give reasons to impeach Johnson. |
| Copperheads | Northern democrates who wants peace in the South. |
| Freedman's Bureau | Lincoln made it before war. Helped blacks and poor whites open schools and hospitals, etc.. |
| Black Codes | Discriminatory laws towards blacks. |
| Johnson's Reconstruction Plan | Punish the South. 1.Swear alliegence to Union 2.Southern states declare succession illegal 3.Ratify 13th amendment 4.Pay war debts |
| Appomattox Court House | Generals Grant and Lee met at little village in virginia. South was given generous grants and now we had to start reconstruction. Where south surrendered. |
| Social/Economic Situations after the civil war | South:Food shortage, in debt, union blockade created shortages of supplies. North: positive affect, industries boomed, living standards decline, industry makes money. |
| Political Changes after Civil War | Federal government assumed complete political power. Ended a threat of succession. They all shared the same currency and obeyed federal government. |
| Thomas Edison | First research lab that produced electrical power. |
| Edwin Drake | Used a steam engine to drill for oil. |
| Strike | work stopage intended to force an employer to respond to demands |
| Scab | someone who works during a strike |
| Henry Bessemer | The Bessemer process produces steel from iron. Steel used for railroads, barbed wire, etc.. |
| Black list | List of 500 actors, writers, producers who are not allowed to work on Hollywood films because of their alleged comunist connections. |
| Yellow Dog Contract | joining a labor union, a worker would be forced to say I will not join a labor Union. |
| Christopher Sholes | Made typewritter; now women could have jobs. |
| Alexander Gram Bell/Thomas Watson | Telephone |
| George Pullman | Made railroad cars. Had his own little town for the workforce. sleeper car. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Connected the central paciific and union pacific railroads. Gold spike connected them. |
| John Rockefeller | Started the standard oil company, made a monopoly. |
| Grange | Farmers upset because the governemnt missused land grants putting them in debt. |
| Granger Laws | Farmers came up with them against railroads. Political action taken to sponser state and local land acts. Established maximum passenger rates and did not allow discrimination. |
| Inerstate Commerce Act | Reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise the railroad & established a 5 member interstate commerce commission. |
| Populis Party | The movement of people. "People's Party" Demanded reform to lift debt and give people a voice in the government. Increase in money supply and graduated income tax and loan programs. |
| Government Reforms | Popular vote, single terms, secret ballot to end fraud, and 8 hour workday. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Industrial mogual, took over all businesses involving steel. Had a monopoly. |
| Panic of 1893 | First national depression. |
| J.P. Morgan | A banker who became successful through the use of monopolies. |
| Verticle & Horizontal integration | Verticle: Process in which Carnigie bought out his own suppliers. Horizontal: Buy out competing steel producers. |
| Haymarker Affair | workers rebellion in Chicago |
| Lockout | Management locked workers out of factories. |
| Monopoly | When one company buys out all other companies in that feild and takes full ownership. |
| National Labor Union | William Sylvis, white men allowed, 8 hour work days. |
| Knights of Labor | Uriah Stevens, anyone allowed, neutral settlement, no fighting, arbiration. No strikes. |
| American Federation of Labor | Samuel Gompers, mostly skilled white men, higher wages, shorter work week, collective bargaining, compromise. |
| Railroad Union | Eugene Debs, anyone involved with the railroad industry, higher wages. Like striking. |
| Industrial Workers of the World | William Haywood (Big Bill) supported srikings. |
| United mine workers | Mary Jones (Mother Jones) got women in families involved in strikes, got higher wages, and didn't want children to work. |
| Farmer's Allience | For farmers to be educated about survival tips. |
| Political Machine | Control of a political party in a city, offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support. |
| Settlement House | A community center providing assistance to immigrants in bad neighborhoods. |
| Ellis Island | New York Harbor |
| Angel Island | San Fransisco Harbor; harsher conditions |
| Ghetto | A city neighborhood in which a certain minority group is pressured to live in. |
| Culture Shock | Confusion and anxiety from being in a new place. |
| Melting Pot | A mixture of people from different cultures and races that mix together and create one large American culture. |
| Nativism | Favoritism towards native born Americans; anti immigration |
| Row Houses | Attached single family houses connected by one wall |
| Dumbell Tenements | Long narrow tall buildings. Unsanitary. |
| Urban Problems | Unsanitary water, fire hazard, gangs, high crime rate. |
| Gentlemen's Agreement | Japan's government agreed to limit immigrantion of unskilled workers to the United States. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | Banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, and merchants. |
| poll tax | an anual tax that formally had to be paid in some southern states by anyone wishing to vote |
| muckraker | journalists who exposed the corrupt sides of business and public life in the cities in the early 1900s |
| Jane Addams | Influencial Woman who founded the Hull house and other settlement houses. |
| Initiative | Bill originated by people rather than law makers. |
| Referendum | Vote on the initiative. |
| Recall | Procedure for removing a public offical from office by a vote of people. |
| 17th Amendment | Direct Election of Senators |
| 19th Amendment | Women gain the right to vote. |
| Jim Crowe Laws | Laws enacted by southern states and local governments to seperate whites and blacks in public and private faculties. |
| Tamany Hall | New York Cities powerful democratic political machine run by Boss Tweed. |
| Plessy vs Fergusen | 1896 case in which the supreme court ruled that seperation of races in public was legal which established the "seperate but equal doctrine". |
| New Immigrants | Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese and Japanese, West Indies and Mexico. |
| Old Immigrants | Great Britain, Ireland, Geremany, northern and western europe |
| Alien Land Law | Asian immigrants could not own land or property. |
| The Jungle | Upton Sinclare- portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions in the meat packing industry |
| Grandfather Clause | To reenstate white voters who failed the literacy test or couldnt pay poll tax; clause states even if they failed those things they were still entitles to vote if he his dad or his grandpa had been eligible to vote. |
| Square Deal | President Teddy Roosevelt's Program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big businesses. |
| The Coal Strike | In winter, they wanted a 9 hour workday, 20% raise, the right to organize a union. Teddy intervened and settled the strike. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | This halted the salfe of contaminated foods and medicine & called for a truth in labelings. |
| Progressive Movement | 1.protect social welfare 2.promote moral improvement 3.create economic reform 4.fostering efficiency |
| Commission System | City government composed of a 5 memeber committee where different people were in charge of different departments |
| progressivism | favoring progress, change, improvement, and reform |
| Robert La Follette | "fighting bob" a reformer in wisconsin. Led the way in regulating big business. |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibition |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff | Created under the Taft Administration, the Payne Bill:lowered rates on imported manufactured goods. Aldrich Bill: Made fewer cuts and increased rates. The tariff was a compromise that moderated rates. |
| Public Land Dispute | Angered conservationists because Taft appointent Balliger who did not approve of conservation to run the western lands. |
| Bull Moose Party | republicans were in shambles formed when rebulicans refused to vote. Roosevelt in charge. |
| 1912 Election | Parties: Democrat: Wilson Progressive: Roosevelt Republican:Taft Socialist:Debs; Wilson won! |
| Wilson's Administration | Wants to break trusts and expland governement roll in social reforms. |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act | Prohibited corporations for aquiring stock of another which would create a monopoly. |
| Underwood Tariff | Reduced tariff for the first time since the Civil War |
| Federal Income Tax | Because of lowered tariff rates, the government had to replace the previous revenue so they created the 16th amendment legalizing a federal income tax. |
| Federal Reserve System | One of Wilson's main successes, financial reform, stregthened the way banks would run and adjusted the money cirrculation. |
| Impearilism | stronger country over weaker country, politically, economically and culturaly |
| Reasons for American Imperalisim | 1) Desire for military strength 2) Thirst for new markets 3) Belief in cultural superiority 4) Economc competition |
| Queen Liliuokalani | Monarch Government, not happy with americans in Hawaii, wanted US men out |
| US public opinion split | Imperalistic...; manifest destiny, good fro trade, business, and more land, Anti-Imperalistic...; not right to take over others when we hated being controled by the Brits |
| Spanish-American War | We want Cuba for military base and land for trade. |
| Causes for Spanish-American War | Yellow Journalism (articles showing whats going on in Cuba), DeLome letter, Letter to spain said bad things about US, Main reason: U.S.S. Maine Explosion at cuban harbor. |
| Valeriano Weyler | Over al spanish general, mean and moved cuban population to concentration camps |
| Philippines | Filipeno people want to rebel and we helped them, the battle resulted in the US winning over the Spanish. |
| George Dewey | US Admeral in the Navy |
| Cuba | US was not prepared at all and didn't have any advancements since civil war |
| Rough Riders | Diverse group of men formed by Roosevelt |
| Leanord Wood | Curidinal in charge of military in Cuba for the US |
| Teddy Roosevelt (during war with spain) | In charge of Rough Riders and led many battles |
| Kettle Hill/San Juan Hill Battle | Missed named battle, 2 years long, US won |
| Treaty of Paris 1898 | 1) US gained territories: Cuba, Philppines, Guam, and Puerto Rico 2) US paid spain 15 mil. for territiories |
| Alfred T. Mahan | Admerinal of US navy, Mahan urged govt' officials to build up naval power in order to copmpete with other powerful nations. |
| Foraker Act | Ended military rule and set up civilian rule; provisions- 1) us oppionts governer in upper house 2)it was eleceted by the puerto rican people |
| Insular Cases | Question if the new territories are US citizens, they were supreme court cases which determinded that populations in new accuqried territories were not citizens or protected by the consitutition. |
| Teller Amendment | 1) US has not intention to take over Cuba (calms cuban people down) 2) Treaty of Paris guarnteees Cuban freedom |
| Platt Amendment | To get Cuba to behave: 1)Cuba can't make treaties w/ foreign nations 2)US has right to interfer w/ any means in Cuba 3)Cuba can't go in debt 4)*US built guantanimo Bay military base and prision were the worst criminals went. |
| Emilio Aquinaldo | Filipino Rebillion leader who hates the US |
| Philippiean-American Wars | Caused by Philly wants independence, Filies used Gorillea Warfare which was very effective, results: we put population into designated zones to watch them. |
| Open Door Policiy | John Hay 1)US economy depends on China trade, if anything interfers the US will react 2) US has right to intervine and protect |
| Boxer Rebellion | Chinease secret society with one goal- to get rid of forreigners |
| Panama Canal | Us took it from France, We helped panamaians rebel and stage a reveloution, then built a cnal through panama which helped the trade. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Attachment to Monroe doctrine says eurpoe has to stay out of central America |
| Eurpoeans fears of influence | territories controlled by foreign nations set up ports |
| Wilsion Watchful WEight Policy | US carefully watching Mexico, looking for reason to get involved. |
| John J. Pershing | US general in Mexican- American conflict, he was sent to borders to keep control and brings the military, the US was not 100% focused on Mexico so pershing was pulled and became general in WW1 |
| Causes of WW1 | NAtionalism, imperalism, militarism, and alliances |
| Nationalism | Extreme patriotism for ones country |
| Militarism | Build up of armed forces |
| Alliances | 1) Triple-Alliances-germany, a.h., Italy (later added bulgaria, and ottoman empire to become central powerS) 2) triple-entente= france, brit, russia, (later added 23 nations to become the allies including the US) |
| Start of WW1 | Franz Ferdinand and Sophie- killed by seriban nationalst named Gavrilo Princip who was a member of the black hands society. |
| Reasons US entered the War | 1) unrestricted submarine warefare 2) lusitania 3) zimmerman warefare |
| Western Front | Between France and Germany; Added Belgium |
| First Battle of the Marne | Allys attacked Germans, 4 days of fighting, Germans retreated. German retreat left Schlieffen Plan in ruins. |
| Stalemate | No one wins a fight |
| Trench Warfare | Fighting in trenched, awful conditions |
| No Man's Land | area between trenches |
| Selective Service Act | Act passed by congress because the government needed more fighting power. |
| Battle of Somme | Trench warfare, British attacked Germans. In the end both sides suffered half a million losses. |
| Verdun | Trench warfare Germans launch massive attack against French. Each side lost a lot |
| Battle of Ypres | Germans let out a fog of Chlorine, suffocating 2 french divisions, left a big gap in the battle line. |
| Battle of Tannenburg | Russians attacks Austria and Germany, Germany counterattacked, regaining east Prussia and drove Russians into retreat. |
| WWI Weapons of War | poison gas, machine guns, tanks and airplanes. |
| Treaty of Versaille | 1 year long, 32 nations represented, the big 4 leaders were 1.United States 2.Great Britain 3. France 4.Italy, not represented were Russia and Germany. US did not sign treaty. |
| 14 points | A plan for peace, specific ideas.. 1-4. causes of war 5.freedom of seize 6-13.new borders 14.league of nations |
| League of Nations | all nations come together and solve problems without war, didn't work because there was too much anger and the US did not join. Members.. 1.Japan 2.US 3.Britain 4.France 5.Itlay |
| Espionage & Sedition Act | A person could be fined up to 10,000$ and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or war effort |
| American Expeditionary Forces | Led by Pershing; Included men from widely seperated parts of the country. Pershing wanted the force to act as an independent fighting force. |
| War Industries Board | Led by Baruch; it encouraged companies to use mass production techniques to increase efficency, also urged them to elimanate waste by standardizing prodeucts, set productions quotas that allocated raw materials |
| War Bonds | debt securities issued by a government for the purpose of financing military operations during times of war |
| Displaced Persons | army veterans with no home, no money, and nothing to go home to |
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