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Pharm. Ch. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is adverse effects? | drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is quivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone |
| What is Adverse drug event? | Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescrived medication |
| What is Adverse drug reactions? | Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages |
| What is Adverse effects? | a general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs |
| What is agonist? | a drug that binds to and stimulated the activity of one or more receptors in the body |
| What is allergic reactions? | An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a pt to a particular medication, a type of adverse drug event |
| What is Antagonist? | A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body (also called inhibitors) |
| What is antagonistic effects? | Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less then the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone, it is usually caussed by an antagonizing effect of one drug on another |
| What is bioavailability? | a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route |
| What is biotransformation? | one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. biotranformation occurs maining in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. also known as metabolism |
| What is the BBB? | the barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the CNS. it still sllows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen |
| What is drugs chemical name? | the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of the drug |
| What is containdication? | any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other pt characteristic, including currnt or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatement improper or undesirable |
| What is cytochrome P450? | The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism |
| What is dependence? | a state in which there is a conpulsive or chronic need for a drug |
| What is dissolution? | the process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the GI tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation |
| What are drug actions? | The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells |
| What is drug effects? | the physiologic reactions of the body to a drug, they can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug. the terms onset,peak, and druation are used to describe drug effects |
| What are drug induced teratogenesis? | The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs |
| What is drug interactions? | alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs, it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugsThe length of time the concentratio |
| What is duration of action? | The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response |
| What are enzymes? | protein molecules that catalyze one or more ot a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism |
| What is the First pass affect? | The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream |
| What is a drugs generic name? | a name given to a drug by the US adopted names council, also called the nonproprietary name. the generic name is much shorter and simplier than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark |
| What is a drugs half life? | it is the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50% |
| What is idiosyncractic reactions? | An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is perculiar to an individual pt |
| What is incompatibility? | The charaacteristic that causes 2 parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mised or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of the least one of the drugs |
| What is intraarticular? | within a joint |
| What is intrathecal? | within a sheath |
| What is medication error? | any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a pt or health care professional, it may or may not cause pt harm |
| What is medication use process? | the prescribing, dispensing, and administration of medications, and the monitering of their effects |
| What is metabolite? | a chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites. |
| What is peak effect? | the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic responce in the body |
| What is peak level? | a maximu concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitering |
| What is pharmaceutics? | The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design |
| What is pharmacodynamics? | the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of a drug at their sites of activity. |
| What is pharmacogenetics? | The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic acerrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes |
| What is pharmacognosy? | The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources |
| What is pharmacokinetics? | The rate of drug distribution amoug various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. it includes the phases or absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs |
| What is pharmacology? | The broadest term for the study or science of drugs |
| What is pharmacotherapeutics? | The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs |
| What is prodrug? | an inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions one it is inside the body |
| What is receptor? | a molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. receptors bind specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular effects occurs asa result of this drug resptor interactions |
| What is steady state? | The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each does |
| What are substrates? | substances on which an enzyme acts |
| what is synergistic effects? | drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone |
| What is theraputic drug monitoring? | The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a pt's drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity |
| What is therapeutic effect? | the desired or intended effect of a particular medication |
| What is therapeutic index? | the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug |
| What is tolerance? | reduced response to a drug after prolonged use |
| What is toxic? | the quality of being poisonous |
| What is toxicity? | The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities |
| What is toxicology? | the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments |
| What is the trade name? | the commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer (proprietary name) |
| What is the trough level? | the lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring. |
| What is pharmacology? | The study or science of drugs |
| What does pharmacology areas include? | pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacoeconomics, pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacognosy, and toxicology |
| Knowledge of pharmacology enables nurses to? | better understand how drugs affect the body |
| During development a drug will acquire how many names? | three (chemical, generic, and trade) |
| The patent owner is usually? | The manufacturer of the drug |
| How long is the patent life on a new drug? | 17 years |
| Development of a drug usually takes how long? | 10 years |
| So that means companies have how long to sell the drug? | 7 years |
| After the patent expires what happens? | other manutacturers may legally begin to make generic drugs with the same ingredients |
| when others start producting the drug prices of it usually? | drop |
| Drugs are categorized into pharmacologic classes according to? | Their physiologic functions and primary disease treated |
| What is labeling? | Where only the FDA approved indications are permitted to be described in the manufacturer's written information |
| What is off labeling? | Where prescribers may elect to prescribe drugs from for non FDA approved indications |
| Toxicology frequently involes overlapping what? | pharmacotherapy and toxicology |
| If a drug is taken orally in what 2 ways can it be taken? | solid or liquid |
| Liquid oral drugs are usually aborbed slow or fast? | Fast |
| What does the enteric coated tablets prevent? | prevents meds from being broken down in the stomach, and causes slower absorbtion |
| What does combination dosage forms contain? | multiple drugs for simultaneous dosing of the pt |
| What are the delivery systems designed to acheive? | desired therapeutic response with minimal effects |
| What are extended release tablets? | They are released in the GI over periods of time |
| Extended release tablets prolongs? | absorption, and duration of action |
| How do immediate release dosage work? | they are release as soon as they enter the GI tract |
| Extended release meds should not be? | crushed |
| Capsules, powder, or liquid contents can be? | added to food |
| Granules in capsules are for? | extended release and should no be crushed |
| Orally disintegrating tablets do what? | Dissolve in mouth |
| If they are dissolved in the mouth there are 3 ways? | on the tongue, under the tongue, or in the buccal pocket |
| if the drug is for a specific site it has to? | be put directly on the site, or be able to get to the site |
| How is the medication moved in the body? | Blood or lymph |
| Topical drugs? | act immediatly |
| Via injection= | parenteral forms |
| If the IV drugs are too concentration or corrosive they can? | damage the veins and arteries |
| 100 % of absorption is assumed with? | IV injections |
| What is absorption? | movement of drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for tissues |
| Many drugs given PO have a bioavailability of less than? | 100% |
| Drugs given IV are? | 100% bioavailable |
| If drugs have the same bioabavailability and same concentration they are said to be? | Bioequivalent |
| What are the 3 basic routes of administration? | enteral, parenteral and topical |
| What happens in enteral route of admin.? | drugs is absorbed through the mucose of the stomach and small,large intestine |
| Rectal drugs are often given for? | systemic effects |
| What effects the acidity of the stomach? | time of day, age of the pt, the presence and types of medications, foods or beverages |
| What does anticholinergic drugs slow the GI? | transit time (the time it takes for substances in the stomach to be dissolve for eventual transport to and absorption from the intestines) |
| What is short bowel disease? | Were some of the small intestine has been removed |
| What is gastric dumping? | Where the stomach contents are delievered to the intestines more rapidly after a surgery to reduce stomach size |
| What is the fastest route in which a drug is absorbed? | parenteral |
| What does parental route mean? | any route other than the GI tract (IV) |
| Meds given by the parental route also have the advantage of bypassing? | the first pass affect |
| Parental route drugs must be absorbed where? | cells and tissue |
| What are subcutaneous injections? | injections into the fatty subcutaneous tissues under the dermal layer of skin |
| What are intradermal injections? | right underneith the epidermal layer and into the dermal layer |
| What are intamuscular injections? | injections given into the muscle beneath the subcutaneous fatty tissue |
| What are depot drugs? | designed for slow absorption (maybe several days) |
| What are common types of topic drugs? | ointments, gels, and creams |
| What is the transdermal route? | patches |
| Patches are usually used for? | systemic effect |
| Once drugs hit the aveoli what happens? | drugs are fastly absorbed |
| What is distribution? | the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its size of action |
| What is involved in rapid distribution? | heart, liver, kidney's, and brain |
| What is toxicology? | study of poisons and unwanted responses to both drugs and other chemicals |
| Nursing considerations vary depending on? | the drug as well as the route of administration |
| What is acute therapy? | intensive drug treament and is used in the ill |
| What is maintenance therapy? | prevents progression of the disease |
| What is supplemental therapy? | supplies the body with a substance needed to mantain normal function |
| What is palliative therapy? | make pt comfortable |
| What is supportive therapy? | maintains the integrity of body functions while the pt is revering from illness or trauma |
| What is an unbound protein considered? | free drug - active |
| What is a bound protein? | bound and inactive |
| I didn't finish thiss.... | Don't need to... |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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