Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pharm Ch. 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is active transport? | the active movement of a substance between different tissues viabiomolecular pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes |
| What is diffusion? | the passive movement of a substance between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentrations |
| Elderly? | pertaining to a person who is 65 yrs or older |
| Neonate? | pertaining to a person younger than 1 month of age |
| What is nomogram? | a graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements |
| What is pediatric? | Pertaining to a person who is 12 yrs or younger |
| What is polypharmacy? | The use of many diffterent drugs concurrently in treating a pt, who often have several health prob |
| Most of studies are focused on ages from? | 13-65 |
| Drugs affect differently of different sides of them? | age spectrum |
| The first trimester of pregnacy? | is the period of greatest danger of drug induced development defects |
| What are the 3 factors that contribute to the safety or potential harm of drug therapy during pregnancy? | fetal gestational age, drug properties, and maternal factors |
| What are the drug properties that impact drug transfer to the fetus? | drug's chemistry, dosage, and concurrently administered drugs |
| What are important drug dosage varaibles? | dose and duration of therapy |
| the fetus is at greater risk for drug induced developmental defects during? | the first trimester |
| During the last trimester the greatest percentage of maternally absorbed drug gets to the? | fetus |
| Any change that in the mother's physiology that could impact the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs can affect? | the amount of drug to which the fetus may be exposed |
| Maternal genotype may also affect how and to what extent certain drugs are? | metabolized |
| Why is drug transfer to the fetus more likely during the last trimester? | Because of enhaced blood flow to the fetus, increased fetal surface area, and increased amount of free drug in the mother's circulation |
| What does thalidomide do? | induces birth defects |
| What is catagoy A of pregnancy safety categories? | studies indicate no risk to human fetus |
| What is catagory B of pregnancy safety categories? | Studies indicate no risk to animal fetus, no info for humans |
| What is catagory C of pregnancy safety categories? | AE reported in animal fetus, information for humans is not available |
| What is catagory D of pregnancy safety categories? | Possible fetal risk in humans reported but benifit vs. risk may be better |
| What is catagory X of pregnancy safety categories? | Fetal abnomalities reported and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans available from animal or human studies, shoud not be used during pregnancy |
| Alot of drugs can also pass through? | breast milk |
| Drug levels in breast milk are usually? | lower than those in maternal circulation |
| Drug exposure from milk usually depends on? | volume of milk consumed |
| The major drug problems in neonates are? | immaturing of organs |
| The sensitivity of recptor sites also? | vary with age |
| Rapidly developing tissues may be? | more sensitive to certain drugs |
| Tetracycline does what? | discolors young persons teeth |
| Corticosteroids may? | suppress growth when given systemically |
| What can quinolone antibiotics do? | damage cartilage |
| What are the charecteristis of pediatric pt's that effect dosage? | skin is thinner, stomach lacks acid, lungs have weaker mucous barriers, body temp is less well regulated (dehydration), liver and kidneys are immature |
| Calculations invole? | age, weight, and body surface area |
| To use the BSA method a nurse needs to know? | drug order, info regarding dosage forms, pt's height and weight, BSA nomogram for children and recommended adult dose |
| A common source of medication error and potential toxicity is? | confusiong lbs with kilograms |
| Elderly pt's have special needs because? | of the decline in organ function |
| elderly today have how many meds? | four or five prescription and two OTC |
| What is life expectancy? | 78 yrs |
| More complicated drug regimine causes increased risk of what? | medication errors |
| Elderly pt's are hospitalized frequently because of? | adverse drug reactions |
| Some drugs may be given to stop AE of? | other drugs |
| What is a prescribing cascade? | Where you give another drug to stop AE of another |
| For elderly drug administration you should? | "start low and go slow" |
| When giving meds to the elderly you should take into consideration? | body weight and organ functioning |
| With emphasis on? (elderly) | liver, renal, heart, and CNS |
| How is kidney function assessed? | cratinine and blood urea nitrogen levels |
| The best way to determine creatinine levels is? | collect a pt's urine |
| Liver function is assessed by? | testing the blood for liver enzymes (AST and ALT) |
| Lab liver values should be done how often for elderly pt's? | yearly |
| In the elderly there is a decrease in absoption of? | nutrients and drugs |
| by the age 65 GI blood supply? | decreased by 50% |
| What is GI motility good for? | moving substances out of the stomach and for moving them throughout the GI tract |
| There is a gradual reduction of _____ _____ _____ with aging? | total body water |
| Elderly pt's may have decreased? | protein concentrations |
| reduced dietary intake and poor GI protein absorption can cause? | nutritional deficiencies and reduced blood protein levels |
| Drugs that are not bound to proteins are? | active |
| What are highly protein bound drugs include? | warfarin and phenytoin |
| metabolism declines with? | advancing age |
| The transformation of active drugs into inactive metabolites is primarily performed by? | the liver |
| With age the liver? | loses mass and loses its abiliy to metabolize drugs |
| There is also a reduction in blood flow to the liver because of? | reduced cardiac output and atherosclerosis |
| reduction in the glomerular filtration rate combined with a reduction in CO leading to reduced renal perfusion can result in? | delayed drug excretion and therefore drug accumulation |
| What drug has a low theraputic index? | digoxin |
| What is the Beers criteria? | a system used to identify drugs that may be inappropriatly prescribes, ineffective, or cause adverse drug reactions in elderly |
| Prescriber's orders should be? | checked and rechecked |
| Dont ever say pediatric pt's are? | small adults |
| What are studies that may be ordered by the prescriber before, after, or during drug therapy? | Hepatic and renal functions, red and white blood cell count, and measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and serum protein levels |
| What is the brown bag technique? | a way of collecting data about meds or drugs being taken by the elderly |
| What happens when using a brown bag technique? | putting all meds in a bag |
| It is important to remember some elderly pt's may be? | confused or poorly informed about meds or health care |
| Elderly may need the nurse to? | speak slow, loud, and clear |
| A nurse should always assess what? | support systems and the pt's ability to take meds safely. |
| With elderly people should choose _________ approach to reatment first if they can? | nonpharmacologic |
| In younger pt's try to? | mix medications with food, but not essential food, do not add drugs to fluids in a cup, document, add small amounts of water to elixers, do not use candy instead of med, keep all meds out of reach of children, always ask how they normally take meds |
| Elderly pt's should be informed that they should? | take meds as directed, and do not double up |
| The nurse must? | ensure that the pt and caregiver understant treatment, and med instructions |
| The nurse must know? | pt's profile and history |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
Popular Nursing sets