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Ear/Eye
Nursing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blindness Etiology/Pathophysiology | is a loss of visual acuity that ranges from partial to total loss of sight. is defined as no light perception and no usuable vison |
| Dimenhydrinate/ dramamine | A: anticholinergic antihistamine used for the treatment of vergio S/E: blurred vision drowsiness SOB, painful urination disorienation contact dermatitis |
| Meniere's disease Nursing interventions | decrease salt diet diuretics bedrest sedation antiemetics for motion sickness kept in a quiet, darkened room in comforable postion. |
| Menieses disease medical manrementent | fluid restion diuretics low salt diet avoid caffieine and nicotine products |
| meniers disease medication | HCTZ dramaine atvian valium benadry atropine phenergan verapamil |
| Meniere disease Etiology/Patho | is a chronic disease of the inner ear charctrized by recurrent episodes of vertigo, proggressive unilateral nerve deafness, and tinnitus. -most common in women b/w age 30-60 |
| Meniere disease celluar destruction | increase in endolymph fluid,either from increase production or decrease absorption -usually one ear is involed. |
| Otoscrerosis Patho | a slow stiffening of the bone in the middle ear that dirubts transmission of sound to the inner ear ( cause a conductive hearing loss) -a condition caused by the formation of spongy bone, especially around the oval window, with resulting ankylosis. |
| Rupted eardum medical treatment | antibotic and hydrocorticsome |
| Otitis media med/treatment | amoxicillian >10 days augenmentin or augumentin ss |
| Otitis media S/S | cold symptoms fussing during day or night c/o of ear pain or hearing loss night walking more frequenly fever low grade 101-102 some may not have one sudden decrease in fussiness during a cold ear drainage of blood or pus. |
| Acute Otitis media Developmental variable | occurs more frequently in children 6-36 months in winter and early spring months children shorter and staighter eustachian tubes provied easier access of the oraganisms from the nasopharynx to travel in to it. |
| ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA | -an infammatin of the middle ear acut and is more commonly cause by haemophillus influenzae or steptoccous pneumone -chronic otitis media is usually caused by gram negative bacteria, such as proteus, klebsiella and pseudomonas. |
| TIMOLOL MALEATE/Timoptic | A: beta adrenergic blocker agent that reduces aqueous humor formation Uses: open-angle glaucoma and hypertension used with caustion for patients who have heart conditions |
| Closed-angle (Acute) Glaucoma C/M | -severe pain -decrease vision -N/V -erthematous sclera -enlarged and fixed pupil -colored halos areound light -Increase in the intraocular pressure |
| Osmitrol /mannitol | A: osmotic diuretic that causes decrease in intracellur pressure U: glaucoma |
| Pilocarpine/ hydronchloride | A: redues intraocual pressure U: open-angle glaucoma |
| Dexamethasone/decardran | A: decrease inflammation U: occular inflammation |
| Open-angle glaucoma C/M | -has no signs and symptoms during the first stages -tummel vision -eye pain -difficuity adjusting to darkness -halos around light -inability to detect colors -intraoccular pressure will be elevated |
| Glaucoma/ Patho | -is not one disease but rather a group of disease chracterized by 1)increase in intraoccular pressure 2)optic nerve atropy 3) peripheral vison field loss -is an abnornal conditon of elevated pressure with in an eye b/c of obstruction of AH. |
| Crainal Nerve involved in Glaucoma | 8 |
| Glaucoma s/s | -dull h/a in am -aching eyes occassional blurry vison -halos around lights -decrease peripheal vison |
| Open-angle glaucoma | -also known as primary represents 90% of cases -the outflow of aqueous humor is decrease in the trabealarmeshwork -in essence the grainage channels become occuled, like a clogged kitchen sink -dz is slowly pogrssive, results from degenerative change |
| Closed-angle glucoma | -also known as primary acute, occurs if there is an abrupt angle changs of the irris. causing rapid vision loss,dramatic symptoms, represents 10% of cases |
| Closed-angle glucoma treatment | -osmotic diuertics (mannitol) -carbonic anhydrase inhibitors -Miotics |
| Glucoma medical mangment | Beta blockers, miotics, carbonic anhydrase inhibotors |
| Beta Blockers | betoptic, will decrease intraoccular presure |
| Miotics | agents that cause the pupils to constrict.(pilocarpine) constrict the pupils and draw the iris away from the corena, allowing AH to drain out of the cord of schlemn |
| Crbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Diamox) | decrease the production of AH, resulting in decrease of intraoccular pressure |
| Corneal injuries Patho | Resulting from injuries to corneal layers of the eye, foreign bodies are the most common cause, perietating can result in total blindness( medical emergency) |
| Retinal detachment Postoprocudure | -Cyclopegic -mydratic -antinfectives eyedrops -eye patch |
| Laser Photocoaquation | -is used to burn localized tears of breaks that may have occured in the postior potion of the eye ball. This cause on eventually sealing of the tear or break. |
| Retinal detachment Surgerical managment | -laser photocoauguation, cryotherapy,diatherapy, sclera bucking |
| Retinal detactment C/M | *Gap of vison, sudden gradual development of flashes of light, floaters spots, cobwebs, hairnet, and lost of specifc vison.The patient will describe a sensation like a curtain being draw across the eye. |
| Retinal Detachment Patho | -is a separation of the retina the chorid in the posterior area of the eye. Usually results from a hole in the retina that allowws vitreous humor to leak b/w the choroid and it. |
| Wet type Mascular Degeneration | -Has new vessels growth in the macular region that occurs suddenly. the macula becomes displaced, and scaring occurs. b/c scarred cells no longer resiger light, vision loss is irreversible, occurs 10% of cases. |
| Macular Degeneration S/S | A gradual loss of ability to see objects clearly,disorted vison, objects appear the wrong size or shape or straight lines apprear wavy or crooked.loss of color vison,scatomas(bling spots in visonal fileds), a dark or empty area appreaing in the corner. |
| Macular degeneration Dry Type (No TX) | is more common, occurs in 90% of cases, degrenative changes are the cause, lipid deposists occur follows by slow atropy of the macular region, including the retina. in this form the macular cells has wasted or atrophed and just doesn't function the same. |
| Macular Degeneration R/F | Females, obesity, light colored eyes, sun light, DECREASE LEVELS OF ANTIOXODIAS AND ZINC family hx, age. |
| Age-Related Mascular Degenation Path/Treatment | -Is a condition of the aging retina characterized by slow,pressive loss of control and near vison -TX laser phochocagualation, Zinc, copper, antioxidants, use of low visual aids, steroid, decrease inflammation. |
| Diabetic Retinopathy Surgical interventions | -Photocoagulation, destroys new blood vessels, seal leaving vessels, and help prevent retinal edema by use of a laser beam. -cryotherapy: is a produre in which a topical anestic is used so that a cryoptic can be placed directly on the eye surface. - |
| Diabetic Retinopathy C/M | Miroaneurysms, vision loss, floaters,in the early stages there is no symptoms. |
| Diabetic Retinopathy Patho | Is a disorder of retinal blood vessels charactrized by cappilary microaneuryems,hemorrage,exudates, and formation of new vessels connective tissue. |
| Phocoemulsification | Most common type of extracapsule contact extraction.uses ultrasound to break up and remove the cataract through a small incison, thereby reducing the healing time and decreasing the chance of complications. |
| Extracapsular Surgery | The most common form of treatment, the anterior capsule is opened and the lens and cortex are removed, leaving the remainder capsular bag intact |
| Intracapsular Surgery | Involves removing the lens and its entire capsule, surgery for cataracts |
| Catarats C/M | Painless gradual vison loss- blurred vison: glare fom head lights a bright sunlight, poor reading vison. (blurred vison,diplopia, photoseneitvity, abdnormal color perception, diffculity driving @ night). |
| Cataracts Patho | Is a crystalline opacuy or milkly whit cloudly of the lens, as a person ages there is a gradual opacificaton of the lens, lens become fossy and vison <,due to chemical changes in the lens(protein0 |
| Hyperopia Patho/C,M | Conditon of farsightness, may result from error of retraction in which rays of light entering the eye are brought into focus behind the retina. C/m: irrabillty to see objects @ close range. |
| Myopia Patho/C,M | Conditon of nearsightness,elongation of the eye ball or anterior inrefraction so that parrallel rays are focused in front of the retina. C/M: inabilty to see onjects @ a distance. |
| Blindness C/M | Diplopia,pain.presence of floaters.light flashes,pruritus/buring of the eyes,loss of peripheal vision,halos,sense of orbital pressure,bulging of the eyes. |
| Acquired Blindness | In adults occure as a result of disorder such as diabetic,retiopathy,glucoma,cataracts,and retinal degeration,acute trauma is the must common cause |
| Congential Blindness | Results from various birth defects |
| Blindness | Is a loss of vison acuity that ranges from partial to total loss of sight, legally refers to an indicuial with max vision acuity of 20/200 with correct eyewear and or vison field sight capacity reduced to 20 |
| Elevated Temp Signs | Wind: resp, Water:urinal,Wound:infection,Walk: thromblytosis |
| Sensorineural(can't be corrected) Hearing Loss | Sound is conductd through the external and middle ear in a normal way, but a defect in the inner ear results in,disortion making discrimmation,hearing difficult, >frequent sounds,caused by trauma,infectous process, presbycsis,congential,ototoxic. |
| Conductive Hearing Loss (can be corrected) | Sound is inadequeatly conducted through the external or middle ear to the senorineural apparous of th einner ear.common cause bulid up of cerumen,hearing aids can be helpful,decrease in sound level, or inabilty to hear faint sounds. |
| Mixed Hearing loss | Is a combination conductive and sensorneural hearing loss |
| Congential Hearing loss | Is present from birth or early infancy,anoxia or trauma during deliverly may be causes,Rh incompatbility,mother exspore during pregranacy to syphills,rubella,cytoxic drugs. |
| Functional Hearing loss | Is a loss of hearing in which there is no known cause, known as psychogenic or nonorancic |
| Enucleation surgey | Is the surgical removal of the eyeball |
| Photocoagualtion | Using a laser,a small intense beam of light is directed into a small spot on the retina, the lightconverts to heat energy and coaguation of tissue protein occurs. useful in diabetic retinopathy to cauterize hemorrhaging vessels |
| Functional Hearing loss | Is a loss of hearing in which there is no known cause, known as psychogenic or nonorancic |
| Enucleation surgey | Is the surgical removal of the eyeball |
| Photocoagualtion | Using a laser,a small intense beam of light is directed into a small spot on the retina, the lightconverts to heat energy and coaguation of tissue protein occurs. useful in diabetic retinopathy to cauterize hemorrhaging vessels |
| Guidlines for communicating with Blind People | Talk in a normal tone or voice,Do not try to avoid common phrases in speech,Introduce yourself with each contact,Explain any activity, announce your self when you enter the room. |
| Strabismus | inability of the eyes to focus in the same direction:commonly called cross eyed |
| Astigmatism | Defect in the curvature of the eyeball surface |
| Inflammation of Conjunctiva Patho | Is an inflammation of the conjuctiva caused by bacterial of viral infection,allergy, or environment factors. |
| inflammation of conjunctiva transmission | by direct contact eith a contaminated object.Pneumococcal,staphylococcal,streptococcal,gonococcal,and chlamydial organisms are the major causative agents. the hands is the most common transmitter |
| Inflammation of the Conjunctiva C/M | erythema,edema of the lid,crusting dischage on the lids and cornea. |
| Conjuctiva nursing intervention/patient teaching | The lid and lashes are cleansed of exudate with normal saline Warm compresses are applied two to four times a day,eye irrigations with normal saline or lactated ringers. |
| Timolo meleate/ Side effects | Ocular sensitivity,severe irritaion of eye or eyelid,systemic effect of cardiac failure,chest pain,disorientaion,diarrhea,dizziness,exacerbation of asthma |
| dexamethasone/ Side Effects | Local irritation,retardation of corneal healing,blurred vison,eye pain,secondary eye infection |
| Pilocarpine Hydrochloride | Muscle tremors,n/v, dyspnea,wheezing,bronchial spasms,local irritation |
| Cataracts/ NSG interventions | Annual examinations,avoid activties that increase intraoccular pressure(coughing,bending,or stooping,or lifting),eye patch at night for protection.patient should know why to notify physician. |
Created by:
shelja
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