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Eyes
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blindness | Is a loss of visual acuity that ranges from partial to total loss of sight. Total blindness is defined as no light perception and no usable vision. |
| Legal Blindness | visual acuity of 20/200 |
| Guidelines for communicating with blind people | talk in normal tone of voice do not try to avoid common phrases in speech such as see what I mean. Introduce yourself with each contact explain any activity occurring in the room announce when you are leaving the room |
| Inflammation of the conjunctiva | is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by bacterial or viral infection, allergy or environmental factors |
| signs and symptoms of conjunctiva | erythema of the conjunctiva, edema of the lid, and crusting discharge on the lids and cornea, pruritus, burning, and excessive tearing, eyes are erythematous |
| Nursing interventions and patient teaching/ conjunctiva | the lid and lashes are cleansed of exudate with normal saline. Warm compresses are applied 2-4 times a day. When allergies are present cold saline compresses may be ordered. Avoid contact with the eyes or soiled materials,wash hands before contact with ey |
| Cataract | a crystalline opacity in one or both eyes |
| Cataract | when a cataract develops the lens becomes foggy and vision decreases |
| signs and symptoms/cataract | blurred vision, diplopia, photo sensitivity, glare,abnormal color perception, and difficulty driving at night. |
| Cataract surgery | intracapsular and extracapsular extraction. In extracapsular surgery, the anterior capsule is opened and the nucleus and cortex are removed |
| Phacoemulsification | this technique uses ultrasound to break up and remove the cataract through a small incision, thereby reducing healing time and complications |
| post-operative interventions/cataract | avoid bending or stooping , coughing or lifting recommend using eye shield. |
| Diabetic retinopathy | a disorder of the retinal blood vessels characterized by capillary, microaneurysms, hemorrhage, exudate, and the vessels and connective tissue. |
| signs and symptoms/ diabetic retinopathy | microaneurysms, in advanced stages, the patients will have progressive vision loss and the presence of floaters which are minute products of the hemorrhage. |
| After eye surgery | teach family and patient proper hygiene and eye care, monitor pain, avoid coughing, bending, and positioning. |
| Macular Degeneration | is a condition of the aging retina characterized by slow, progressive loss of central and near vision |
| Wet type/macular degeneration | Has new vessel growth in the macular region that occurs suddenly. The macular becomes displaced and scarring occurs |
| Dry type/macular degeneration | Degenerative changes are the cause, lipid deposits occur followed by slow atrophy of the macular region including the retina |
| Signs and symptoms/macular degeneration | the appearance of drusen in the fundus found on ophthalmoscopic evaluation. Drusen appears as yellowish exudate. |
| Common symptoms/macular degeneration | a gradual loss of ability to see objects clearly, distorted vision( wrong size and shape), a gradual loss of clear vision, scotomas (blind spots), a dark empty area appearing in the center of vision. |
| Treatment/macular degeneration | special lenses, high dose vitamin therapy (C, E, beta carotene) |
| Nursing intervention/macular degeneration | Assist patient in accepting loss of vision. |
| Retinal Detachment | a separation of the retina from the choroid in the posterior area of the eye. |
| Signs/symptoms/retinal detachment | sudden or gradual development of flashes of light followed by floating spots a cobweb or hairnet and loss of specific field vision |
| Medical Management/retinal detachment | laser photocoagulation is used to burn localized tears or breaks that may have occurred in the posterior portion of the eyeball. Cryotherapy is used to freeze the borders of retinal hole. Diathermy is used to burn a retina break using an ultrasonic probe. |
| nursing interventions/retinal detachment | eye patches are applied to eye and stay on for 1-2 days. Dark glasses are prescribed for photophobia, restrictions of reaching, work, and activities should be avoided. |
| retinal detachment prognosis | maximum vision is achieved within 3 months after surgery. |
| Glaucoma | refers to a group of disorders characterized by increase intaocular pressure and the consequence of elevated pressure, optic nerve atrophy, and visual field loss |
| Glaucoma information | glaucoma occurs when there is an obstruction of the aqueous humor drainage that increases the intraocular pressure. |
| open-angle glaucoma (primary open-angle glaucoma) | the outflow of the aqueous humor is decreased in the trabecular meshwork. The drainage channels become clogged. the course is slowly progressive. |
| closed-angle glaucoma (acute) | occurs if there is an abrupt angle change of the iris causing rapid vision loss and dramatic symptoms. |
| signs/symptoms (primary open angle) | tunnel vision,eye pain, difficulty adjusting to light, halos around lights, and inability to detect colors, intraocular pressure will be elevated. |
| signs/symptoms (closed-angle acute) | severe pain, decreased vision, nausea and vomiting, the patient sees colored halos around lights. |
| treatment/primary closed angle | osmotic diuretics, mannitol, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and miotics |
| Iridectomy | the removal of part of the iris to restore the drainage of the aqueous humor |
| Iridotomy | is an incision into the iris of the eye to create an opening for aqueous flow |
| Corneal injuries | foreign bodies are the most common cause of corneal injuries.Penetrating wounds are the most serious corneal injuries. |
| Nursing interventions/Glaucoma | protect the patients safety, stress early detection and screening, incidence increases with age. |
Created by:
reathea8
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