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HCE 240 patho
key terms chapt two
| Key terms | definitions |
|---|---|
| Abscess | a localized pocket of infection or purulent exudate surrounded by inflammation |
| Adhesion | a band of fibrous scar tissue forming an abnormal connection between two surfaces or structures, e.g., binding two loops of intestine together |
| Chemical mediator | a chemical released in the body during an inflammatory response or immune response |
| Chemotaxis | the movement of cells toward or away from an area of the body in response to chemical signals; e.g., phagocytic cells move to an area of tissue injury |
| Collagen | the common protein making up connective tissue and bone |
| Contracture | shortening of a muscle or scar tissue causing immobility and deformity of a joint or structure |
| Diapedesis | the passage of leukocytes through intact capillary walls to a site of inflammation |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | the rate at which RBCs settle out of a blood specimen (containing anticoagulant); an elevation in ESR is a general characteristic of inflammation |
| Exudate | a fluid that accumulates and may leak from tissue, e.g., a serous exudate due to allergy, a purulent exudate, or pus associated with infection |
| Fibrinogen | the plasma protein that is formed into solid fibrin strands during the clotting process |
| Glucocorticoid | the steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex, e.g., cortisol (hydrocortisone), that increase blood glucose levels and act to decrease inflammation and allergic reactions |
| Granulation tissue | newly developed fragile tissue, consisting of fibroblasts and blood vessels, formed during healing |
| Granuloma | a nodular destructive mass associated with some chronic inflammation or infection |
| Hematocrit | percentage of erythrocytes in a blood sample |
| hematopoiesis | production of blood cells in the bone marrow |
| Hyperemia | increased blood flow in an area, resulting in a warm, red area |
| Interferons | a group of antiviral glycoproteins produced by viral-infected cells |
| Intraarticular | into the joint cavity or joint space |
| Isoenzymes | cell enzymes, specific to certain organs, that differ slightly in structure, but have similar functions |
| Leukocytosis | an above-normal number of leukocytes (WBCs) in the blood |
| Malaise | a general feeling of discomfort or unease, of being unwell |
| Perforation | a hole through the wall of a tube or hollow structure |
| Purulent | like pus (microbes, WBCs, and cell debris); thick, yellowish material in tissue often resulting from bacterial infection |
| Pyrexia | fever |
| Pyrogen | a substance that causes fever, a rise in body temperature |
| Regeneration | tissue repair through replacement by identical functioning cells |
| Serous | watery secretion |
| Stenosis | narrowing of a tube, valve, or opening |
| Ulcer | an open, crater-like lesion on the skin or mucous membranes |
| hydrostatic pressure | arterial pressure |
| osmotic pressure | venous pressure |
| phagocytosis | process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris or foreign matter. |
| vasodilation | relaxation of smooth muscle causing increase in the diameter of arterioles |
| cytokines | communicators, interleukins, lymphokines, increase plasma protiens, ESR, Induce fever, chemotaxis, leukocytosis |
| histamine | mast cell granules, immediate vasodilation, increased capillary permeability to form exudate |
| chemotactic factors | mast cell granules, attract neutrophils to site |
| leukotrines | synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells, later response: vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis |
| prostaglandins (PGs) | synthesis from arachidonic acid in mast cells, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, fever, potentiate histamine effect |
| kinins (bradykinin) | activation of plasma protien (kinogen) vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, pain, chemotaxis |
| complement system | activation of plasma protein cascade, vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, increased histamine release |
| fibrinous exudate | thick and sticky exudate with high cell and fibrin content, increases scar risk |
| cardinal signs | redness (rubor, erythema) heat, swelling, pain |
| neutrophils | phagocytosis of microorganisms |
| basophils | release histamine leading to inflammation |
| eosinophils | numbers increased during allergic reaction |
| T lymphocytes | active in cell mediated immune response |
| B lymphocytes | produce antibodies |
| monocytes | phagocytosis |
| macrophages | activate in phagocytosis, mature monocytes that have migrated into tissues from the blood. |
| differential count | porportion of types of white blood cells depending on cause |
| plasma proteins | increased fibrinogen and prothombin, alpha-antitrypsin reasult from liver response increasing protein synthesis |
| C-reactive protein | not normally in blood, appears with acute inflammation within 24-48 hrs |
| Increased ESR | elevated plasma proteins increase the rate red blood cells settle in a sample |
| cell enzymes | released from necrotic cells and enter tissue fluids and blood, indicates site of inflammation |
| chronic inflammation | less swelling and exudate, more lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts |
| fibroblasts | connective tissue cells |
| resolution | minimal tissue damage |
| replacement | by connective tissue, scar/fibrous tissue |
| partial thickness burn | epidermis and part of the dermis, sunburn |
| deep partial thickness burn | destruction of epidermis and part of the dermis, blisters, hypersensitive, painful |
| full thickness burn | destruction of all skin layers and underlying tissues. coagulated, charred, hard and dry on surface |
| escharotomy | surgical cuts through crust of full thickness burn to release pressure and allow better circulation |
| rule of nines | head and each arm 9, leg 18, anterior of trunk 18, posterior 18, groin 1, |
Created by:
superheromom24
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