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HCE 240 patho 3
key terms chapt 3
| key term | definition |
|---|---|
| Antibiotic | a substance derived from microorganisms that is used to treat infection |
| Antimicrobial | an agent that kills or inhibits growth and reproduction of microorganisms |
| antiviral | inhibit activity of viruses |
| Autoantibody | antibodies to self-antigens such as cells or DNA |
| Bronchoconstriction | contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles, narrowing the airways |
| Complement | a series of inactive proteins circulating in the blood; when activated, they can destroy bacteria or antigens, or participate in the inflammatory response |
| Cytotoxic | substance that damages or destroys cells |
| Encephalopathy | impaired function of the brain |
| Erythema | redness and inflammation of the skin or mucosa due to vasodilation |
| Glycoprotein | a combination of protein and carbohydrate, antigens are composed of these molecules |
| hypogammaglobulinemia | disorder that is caused by a lack of B-lymphocytes and a resulting low level of immunglobulins (antibodies) in the blood |
| Hypoproteinemia | abnormally low level of plasma protein in the blood |
| Mast cells | located in the tissues, they release chemicals such as histamine, heparin, and bradykinin in response to injury or foreign material |
| mononuclear phagocyte system MPS | A widely distributed collection of both free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow precursor |
| Mutation | a change in the genetic makeup (DNA) of a cell, which will be inherited |
| Opportunist | a microorganism, normally nonpathogenic, that causes infectious disease when the person’s resistance is reduced, microbial balance is upset, or the microbe is transferred to another part of the body, use prophylactic antimicrobial to immunosuppressed |
| polymerase chain reaction | scientific technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence |
| Prophylactic | a measure or drug to prevent disease |
| pruritic | causes itchiness |
| Retrovirus | a virus containing RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase, required to convert RNA to DNA that is then integrated with host cell DNA |
| Splenectomy | removal of the spleen |
| Stem cell | a basic cell that may divide to give rise to a variety of specialized cells, e.g., the blood cells |
| Vesicle | a small thin-walled sac containing fluid; e.g., a blister |
| antigen | foreign substance that stimulates immune response |
| antibody | specific protein produced to bind with antigen |
| thymus | site of maturation and proliferation of T lymphocytes |
| lymphatic tissue | filters body fluid, removes foreign matter, immune response |
| bone marrow | source of stem cells, leukocytes, and maturation of B lymphocytes |
| neutrophils | WBC, phagocytosis, nonspecific, active in inflammatory process |
| Basophils | WBC, bind IgE, release histamines in anaphylaxis |
| Eosinophils | WBC, allergic response |
| Monocytes | WBC, migrate from blood into tissues, become macrophages |
| Macrophages | Phagocytosis, process and present antigens to lymphocytes for immune response |
| B lymphocytes | humoral immune activated cell becomes antibody producing plasma cell or a B-memory cell |
| Plasma cell | secrete specific antibodies |
| T lymphocytes | WBC, cell mediated immuntiy |
| cytotoxic or killer T cells | destroy antigens, cancer cells, virus infected cells |
| memory T cells | remember antigens and quickly stimulate immune response on reexposure |
| helper T cells | activate B and T cells, control or limit specific immune response |
| NK lymphocytes | natural killer cells destroy foreign cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells |
| complement | group of inactive proteins, when activated stimulate release of chemical mediators,promoting inflammation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis |
| Histamine | released form mast cells and basophils in allergic reactions, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability (edema) contraction of bronc musc, pruritis |
| kinins (bradykinin) | vasodilation, edema, pain |
| prostaglandins | group of lipids, inflammation, edema, pain, vasodilation |
| leukotrienes | group of lipids, derived from mast cells and basophils, contraction of bronc musc and role in development of inflammation |
| cytokines (messengers) | lymphokines, monokines, interferons, interleukins, produced by macrophages and activated by T lymphocytes, stimulate activation on B and T cells, communicates between cells, involved in inflammation, fever and leukcytosis |
| tumor necrosis factor TNF | cytokine active in inflammatory/immune response, stimulates fever, chemotaxis, mediator of tissue wasting, stimulates T cells, mediator in septic shock (decrease BP) stimulates necrosis in some tumors |
| chemotactic factors | attract phaqgocytes to area of inflammation |
| IgG | most common antibody, primary and secondary immune responses, activates complement, includes antibacterial, antiviral, antitoxin, crosses placenta, creates passive immunity in newborn |
| IgM | bound to B lymphocytes, usually 1st to to increase in immune response, activates complement, forms natural antibodies, invilved in ABO blood type reaction |
| IgA | tears, saliva, mucous membranes, colostrum, |
| IgE | binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes, causes release of histamines when linked to allergens resulting in inflammation |
| IgD | attached to B cells activates B cells |
| natural immunity | species specific |
| innate immunity | gene specific related to ethnicity |
| primary response | when 1st exposed to antigen, takes 1-2 weeks |
| secondary response | reexposure to same antigen, more rapid, higher antibody levels |
| natural active immunity | pathogen enters body, causes illness, antibodies form in host, chickenpox |
| artificial active immunity | vaccine (live/attenuated organism) injected, no illness but antibodies formed. measles vaccine |
| natural passive immunity | antibodies passed from mother to child to provide temporary protection, placental, colostrum |
| artificial passive immunity | antibodies injected (antiserum) temporary protection, minimize severity of infection. Gammagobulin |
| allograft | tissue transfer between members of same species |
| isograft | tissue transfer from identical bodies, twins |
| autograft | tissue transfer from one part of body to another |
| xenograft | tissue transfer from different species |
| hypersensitivity I | hay fever, anaphylaxis, IgE bound to mast cells, histamine and chemical mediators released, immediate inflammation, pruritis |
| hypersensitivity II | ABO blood incompatibility, IgG/IgM reacts with antigen, complement activated, cell lysis, phagocytosis |
| hypersensitivity III | Auto immune, SLE, glomerulonephritis, antigen-antibody complex deposits in tissue, complement activated, inflammation, vasculitis. |
| hypersensitivity IV | contact dermatitis, transplant rejection, antigen binds to T lymphocytes,, sensitized lymphocyte releases lymphokines. delayed inflammation |
| epinephrine | emergency treatment for anaphylaxis |
| systematic lupus erythematosus SLE | chronic inflammatory disease |
| AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | HIV human immunodeficiency virus destroys T helper lymphocytes preventing humoral and cell mediated immunity |
Created by:
superheromom24
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