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Nutrition Ch. 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| No new tissue can be made without what? | protein |
| What do some proteins build? | muscle, bone, skin, and other tissues |
| What do other proteins do? | do cell's work |
| Where does the energy proteins get from? | carbs and fat |
| What are proteins? | chemical compounds that contain the same atoms as carbs and lipids- C, H, and O, but protiens are different in they also contain N atoms |
| What do the nitrogen atoms give the name? | amino |
| How many amino acids are in proteins? | 20 different ones |
| What varies from one protein to the other? | side groups |
| How do the side groups make proteins differ? | size, shape, and electrical charge |
| What sequence do amino acids link? | in many different varieties |
| What is a dipeptide? | 2 amino acids bonded together |
| What is a tripeptide? | 3 amino acids bonded together |
| What is a polypeptide? | 4 amino acids bonded together |
| Polypeptide chains twist into? | complex shapes |
| The special characteristics do what to an amino acid? | attract it to, or repel it from the surrounding fluids and other amino acids |
| Polypeptide chains fold and intertwine into? | intricate coils and other shapes |
| The amino acids in a chain determine how? | the chain will fold |
| The different shapes of proteins allow them to? | perform different tasks in the body |
| Proteins in food do not provide proteins directly, they supply what so the body can make them? | amino acids |
| More than half of the amino acids are? | nonessential (body can make them) |
| There are some amino acids that? | the body can't make at all |
| There are 9 amino acids that the body cannot make called? | essential amino acids |
| If the body stops making tyrosine then it is called an? | conditionally essential amino acid |
| What is process turnover? | where protiens are continually being made and broken down |
| Where do proteins go when they are broken down? | the bloodstream |
| A quarter of aminp acids are? | used for energy |
| What do reasearchers use to estimate protein requirements? | nitrogen balance studies |
| In a healthy adult protein synthesis balances with? | protein degradation |
| In who is nitrogen balance positive? | infacts, child, and adolescents and pregnant women |
| In who is nitrogen balance negative? | in people who are starving or with severe stresses (burns, injuries, infections, and fever) |
| When nitrogen intake equals nitrogen ouput a person is at? | nitrogen equilibrium |
| What affects the making of all body proteins? | genes |
| A human body contains how many proteins? | 30,000 |
| A great deal of the body's protien exist as? | muscle tissue |
| The amino acids in muscle can also be released when? | in extreme measures, starving |
| Other proteins shape and strengthen what? | bones, teeth, tendons, cartilage, blood vessels, and other tissues |
| What are enzymes? | catalysts that are essential to all life processes |
| What do enzymes do? | put together pairs of sugars that make disaccharides and the strands that make starch, cellulose, and glycogen |
| Enzymes do what to lipids? | assemble and disassemble |
| enzymes themselves are not altered by the? | reactions they facilitate |
| All enzymes are? | proteins |
| What is the circle process of proteins? | person eats protein, protein borking down by digestive enzymes, proteins themselves, into amino acids, amino acids enter the cells (others put chains together), they for proteins (folding) and some become enzymes |
| One group of proteins specializes in? | transporting substances |
| What does the protein hemoglobin do? | transports oxygen from lungs to cells |
| What does lipoproteins transport?? | lipids in the watery blood |
| Proteins help maintain the body's? | fluid and electrolyte balances |
| How do proteins maintain F&E balances? | Helps the distribution of fluids from the fluid in and out of the cells |
| Proteins cannot pass feely where? | across the membrane that seperate the body compartments and they are attracted to water |
| What is edema? | excess fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces |
| What is the balance of Na and K critical for? | nerve transmission |
| Proteins also help maintain the balance between? | acids and bases within the body's fluids |
| What is the most tightly controlled condition in the body? | pH |
| What is denaturation? | where proteins lose their shape and ability to function because pH is to acidic |
| What is too much base and acid know as? | acidosis and alkalosis |
| Protiens protect one another by? | gathering up extra acid ions when there are too many in the surrouding medium and by releasing them when there are too few |
| How do proteins act as buffers? | accecpting and releasing hydrogen items |
| What do proteins antibodies do? | defend against viruses, bacteria, and other disease agents |
| Some hormones are? | proteins |
| Without energy? | cells die |
| Without glucose? | the brain and NS falter |
| What is protein energy malnutrtion? | when ppl are deprived of food and degrade their own body protein for energy |
| Of all groups who are most seriously affect by malnutrition? | children |
| What are the 2 forms of PEM? | 1. the person is shriveled and emaciate (marasmus) 2. a wollen belly and skin rash (kwashiorkor) |
| What marasmus from? | severe deprivation of food over a long time |
| What is kwashiorkor from? | severe acute malnutrition, with little protein |
| Who does marasmus occur in? | children 6-18 months |
| Marasmis children look like? | little old people |
| Children with marasmis brian is how? | impiared and they have learning ability |
| What is the primary need of marasmis? | clothed, covered, and kept warm |
| What is dysentery? | an infection of the digestive tract |
| What is marasmus? | the most common form of severe PEM before one year of age. marasmus is charecterized by generalized muscle wasing associated with extreme deprivation, or impaired absorption, of evergy, protein, vitamins, and minerals |
| What is kwashiorkor? | a severe form of PEM that occurs more frequently after 18 months. it is characterized by failure to grow and develop, changes in the pigmentation of the hair and skin, edema, and fatty liver. it is associated w/ inadequate protein intake & infection |
| What does kwashiorkor mean? | sickness that infects the first child when the second child is born |
| What does excess protein cause? | heart prob, weakened kidneys and the bones |
| What are protein-rich foods? | red meat, milk, fruit, vegies, whole grains |
| People who eat excess animal protein have increased risk of? | heart disease |
| A high protein diet increases the work of the? | kidneys |
| When there is an excess protien intake what is release to the urine? | calcium |
| Too little dairy products? | weakens bones |
| well fed athletes do not need? | protein supplements |
| Protein supplement do not? | improve athletics |
| Do not take supplements for? | weight loss |
| What is a popular used amino acid? | lysine |
| What does lysine do? | lessens effects of herpes |
| What does tryptophan do? | relieve pain, depresion, and insomnia |
| Many supplement takes experience? | digestive disturbances |
| Who is at risk for harm taking amino acid supplements? | all women of childbearing age, pregnant, infants, elderly, smokers, people on low protein diets |
| What is the daily protein allowance? | .8 gram per kilogram |
| Protein in diet determines? | how well children grow and how well adults maintain their health |
| What are high quality proteins? | dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts the human beings require |
| What 2 factos incluence protein quality? | the protein's digestibility and its amino acid composition |
| What is protein digestibility? | a measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein intake |
| Plant proteins are? | less digestible |
| What can produce any nonessential amino acidthat may be in short supply? | liver |
| The body makes? | whole proteins only |
| What is a limiting amino acid? | an essential amino acid that is available in the hortest supply relative to the amount needed to support protien synthesis |
| What is comprimmised when essential amino acids dwindle? | body organs |
| What are complementary proteins? | 2 protein rich foods that are combined-proteins containing all essental amino acids |
| % daily value is what for protein? | quanity and quality |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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