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AP Human Geo MidTerm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2. Environment | All of the biotic and abiotic factors that act on an organism, population, or ecological community and influence its survival and development. Biotic factors |
| 3 The portion of the world’s land surface that is permanently settled by human beings | Ecumene |
| 4 A venture involving 3 or more national states – political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives | Supranationalism |
| 5 The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government | Devolution |
| 6 A force that unifies people | Centripetal Force |
| 7 A force that divides people | Centrifugal Force |
| 13 Four ways of identifying location | Toponym, Site, Situation, Absolute |
| 16 The process of the spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another | Diffusion |
| 17 Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships | Cultural Ecology |
| 18 Fundamental geographic question | Why of Where? |
| 19 The process whereby we think spatially, producing mental images of space which allows us to navigate and to communicate about the relative position of things in space | Mental Mapping |
| 31 Transferring the image of globe onto a flat sheet of paper | Map Projection |
| 32 Distortions | created by map projections Relative Size, Shape, Distance, & Direction |
| 39 Gathering of data from satellites for cartographic purposes | Remote Sensing |
| 40 Computer systems that process geographic data, usually to make layered maps (thematic layers) showing the correlation between various characteristics | Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
| 50 The relative location of a place | Situation |
| 60 A region in which the characteristic(s) apply throughout | Formal Region |
| 69 The interdependence of places which occurs through networks in which people, ideas, and goods move between places | Spatial Interaction |
| 70 Something becoming worldwide in scope | Globalization |
| 76 Movement of a characteristic through the movement of people | Relocation Diffusion |
| 77 Permanent relocation diffusion | Migration |
| 78 Diffusion from a node of authority | Hierarchical Diffusion |
| 79 Rapid widespread diffusion | Contagious Diffusion |
| 80 Diffusion of an underlying principle rather than the intended feature | Stimulus Diffusion |
| 89 Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land | Agricultural Density |
| 90 Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in an area | Crude Birth Rate (CBR) |
| 100 The number of people in the workforce compared to the number outside the workforce | Dependency Ratio |
| 110 A type of circulation mobility in which people move in a cyclical pattern | Seasonal Mobility |
| 114 Motivations to move away from a place | Push Factors |
| 115 Migration to a place (Into) | Immigration |
| 116 Motivation to move to a place | Pull Factors |
| 117 The mathematical difference between immigration and emigration | Net Migration |
| 128 Foreign citizens who are granted legal entry in order to work, but not to stay permanently | Guest Workers |
| 129 The mass emigration of talented people | Brain Drain |
| 134 Interregional migration to cities | Urbanization |
| 135 Interregional migration to the outlying communities around a city | Suburbanization |
| 136 Interregional migration to rural areas Counter- | Urbanization |
| 137 Migration that occurs in stages, such as to a nearby village and then to a town and then to a city | Step Migration |
| 139 The restriction of migration from Eastern Europe during the Cold War is an example of - | An Intervening Obstacle |
| 140 Mexican squatter settlement | Colonia |
| 141 “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things” | Tobler’s First Law of Geography |
| 142 A model used to predict spatial interaction, where size (population) is directly related to interaction and distance is inversely related to interaction | Gravity Model |
| 150 Highly efficient method of shipping that uses steel boxes to ship goods that are easily transferred from ship to rail to truck | Containerized Shipping |
| 160 Man’s imprint on the natural landscape | Cultural Landscape |
| 170 An invented language of the twentieth century based on Latin that was intended to become a world language | Esperanto |
| 171 The communication system of a group of people Language 172 Written form of a language | Literary Tradition |
| 173 Language spoken by the largest number of people | Mandarin Chinese |
| 180 Largest language family | Indo-European |
| 190 The blending of Old English and French | Middle English |
| 200 A recognized or official language in an area | standard Language |
| 210 Two languages of Belgium | French & Flemish |
| 220 Founder of modern Turkey | Ataturk |
| 221 Body of water that separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey | Bosporus Strait |
| 222 Nationality without a state in southern Turkey and northern Iraq | Kurds |
| 229 Interaction between two factors (groups) | Spatial Convergence |
| 230 Segregation between two factors (groups) | Spatial Divergence |
| 231 A religion that espouses the idea that there is one true religion for all people | Universalizing |
| 234 Monotheistic religion that developed in Southwest Asia about 3500 years ago | Zoroastrianism |
| 243 Followers of Islam, it means one who submits to the will of God | Muslim |
| 244 Arabic word for God | Allah |
| 245 Five pillars of Islam | Faith, Prayer, Giving, Fasting, Pilgrimage |
| 254 Buddha’s search for enlightenment | Great Renunciation |
| 255 Result of Buddha’s Great Renunciation | 4 Noble Truths |
| 256 State beyond suffering in Buddhism | Nirvana |
| 257 Means to achieving nirvana in Buddhism | 8 Fold Path |
| 263 Aryan religious texts upon which Hinduism is based | Vedas |
| 264 The creator god in Hinduism | Brahma |
| 265 The preserver god in Hinduism | Vishnu |
| 266 The destroyer god in Hinduism (not seen as evil) | Siva/ Shiva |
| 270 Founder of Daoism (Taoism) | Lao-Zi (Lao Tse) |
| 279 Belief that spirits are in animate and inanimate objects | Animism |
| 280 Founder of Christianity Jesus 281 Birthplace of Jesus | Bethlehem |
| 289 Answer to Martin Luther’s burning question | Salvation Is Achieved Through Faith Alone |
| 309 Forced dispersion of the Jews in 70 AD | Diaspora |
| 310 Buddha’s place of enlightenment | Bodh Gaya |
| 311 Birthplace of Muhammad | Makkah (Mecca) |
| 312 Housed in the Shrine al-Haram al-Sharif in Makkah – It represents the concept of monotheism | Black Stone |
| 313 Source of the Ganges River where Siva lives | Mount Kailas |
| 314 Holiest site in Jerusalem for Muslims | Dome of the Rock |
| 315 Holiest site in Jerusalem for Christians | Church of the Holy Sepulcher |
| 316 Holiest site in Jerusalem for Jews | Western Wall |
| 329 Fundamentalism group that took control of Afghanistan after the Soviet Army withdrew from the country | Taliban |
| 330 Fixed social class system in India (historic) | Caste System |
| 331 Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth | Ethnicity |
| 332 Identity with a group who share a common biological ancestor | Race |
| 333 Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities | Racism |
| 337 U.S. Supreme Court decision that established “the doctrine of separate but equal” | Plessey v Ferguson |
| 338 U.S. segregation laws | Jim Crow Laws |
| 339 U.S. Supreme Court decision which ended segregation in public schools | Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. |
| 340 Taking advantage of “white flight” by buying property from whites who are fearful of blacks moving into their neighborhoods/ future lowering of property values and reselling it to blacks at large profits | Blockbusting |
| 341 Legal segregation policy in South Africa | Apartheid |
| 342 Leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and first black president of South Africa | Nelson Mandela |
| 343 One’s identification with a group of people who share legal attachment and allegiance to a particular country | Nationality |
| 344 Two principle ethnic/religious groups in South Asia | Hindus & Muslims |
| 345 Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India | Mahatma Gandhi |
| 352 African country in which six major clans have been waging a civil war resulting in a complete breakdown of government – Blackhawk Down took place here | Somalia |
| 353 Country in the Middle East that has experienced ethnic conflict as the proportions of various groups have changed – It is mostly controlled by Syria | Lebanon |
| 360 Two rival ethnic groups in Central Africa that have engaged in ethnic cleansing | Hutus & Tutsis |
| 361 World’s most fragmented state – It also have the highest number of Muslims | Indonesia |
| 362 Government program in Indonesia that provides incentives for people to move from densely populated islands to less densely populated ones | Transmigration Program |
| 370 A city neighborhood which is predominately occupied by Latinos | Barrio |
| 371 Region caught between stronger, colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress and often fragmented by aggressive rivals – Eastern Europe is an example | Shatterbelt |
| 372 That part of the cultural landscape that can be attributed to a particular ethnic group | Ethnic Landscape |
| 375 Development that occurs well beyond the limits of the current urbanized area, usually to take advantage of less expensive land | Leapfrog Development |
| 376 A new kind of zoning classification that stresses location of residential and commercial uses in close proximity and a greater density so people can walk to work, stores, and schools | Mixed Use Development |
| 377 Movement by architects and planners to build a more traditional neighborhoods that foster a sense of community – These neighborhoods emphasize people, not cars | New Urbanism |
| 378 Construction of small-scale developments on vacant pockets of land remaining within a city | Infill Development |
| 384 Only large landmass not a part of a sovereign state | Antarctica |
| 388 Control of an unorganized territory | Colonialism |
| 389 Control of an inhabited territory organized by indigenous people | Imperialism |
| 390 Largest remaining colony US Commonwealth of | Puerto Rico |
| 391 State shape in which the distance from the center does not vary significantly such as Poland | Compact state |
| 393 Two purposes of proruptions Access to a Resource, Separation of 2 States | |
| 394 Chile’s state shape | Elongated state |
| 395 Indonesia’s state shape | Fragmented state |
| 396 South Africa’s state shape | Perforated state |
| 397 An area between two states that is not completely controlled by either | Frontier |
| 398 UN zone separating the Turks and Greeks in Cyprus | Green Line (not a frontier) |
| 399 Disputed territory between Libya and Chad | Aozou Strip |
| 400 Usual shape of a geometric boundary | Straight Line |
| 402 Baltic Countries | Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia |
| 403 Largest multinational state | Russian Federation |
| 405 System of government in which most power rests with the central government | Unitary |
| 406 System of government in which power is shared by the national and provincial governments | Federal |
| 407 Drawing political districts to the advantage or disadvantage of a particular group | Gerrymandering |
| 408 Type of gerrymandering in which a group is broken up so it is a minority in many districts | Wasted Vote |
| 409 Type of gerrymandering in which a group is packed into as few districts as possible | Excess Votes |
| 410 Type of gerrymandering in which pockets of a particular group are linked together | Stacked Vote |
| 411 Organization replaced by the United Nations | League of Nations |
| 412 Term for the world of the Cold War which pitted NATO against the Warsaw Pact | Bipolar World |
| 413 The formation of alliances of approximately equal military power that tends to prevent conflict | Balance of Power |
| 414 International organization of American states that promotes social, cultural, and economic links | Organization of American States (OAS) |
| 415 Organization of African states that works to eliminate minority rule | Organization of African Unity (OAU) |
| 416 Organization of 48 states that were once a part of the British Empire that promotes economic and cultural cooperation Commonwealth of Nations | |
| 417 Economic alliance of communist countries that was disbanded in the 1990s | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) |
| 418 Free trade agreement between Mexico, the U.S., and Canada North American | Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
| 419 Organization of countries that export large amounts of petroleum – By controlling worldwide supply, it influences prices | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
| 420 Economic unity of many European countries | European Union (EU) |
| 421 Common currency of many EU member countries | Euro |
| 422 The use of violence against non-military targets to intimidate states into changing policies | Terrorism |
| 423 Terrorist group responsible for the attacks in the U.S. on 9/11/2001 | Al-Qaeda |
| 424 The group that took control of the government of Afghanistan and assisted in the training of Al-Qaeda terrorists | Taliban |
| 425 Axis of Evil identified by President George W. Bush | Iraq, Iran, North Korea |
| 426 The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur | Geopolitics |
| 427 Geopolitical theory that states that states need to grow or they will die | Organic Theory |
| 428 Geopolitical theory that identifies a political power base in the heart of Eurasia which will eventually dominate the entire world | Heartland Theory |
| 429 Geopolitical theory that identifies a political power base on the coastal fringes of Eurasia which will eventually dominate the entire world | Rimland Theory |
| 430 A core-periphery model of the spatial distribution of economic power – The core is made up of the strong states and the periphery is made up of the weak states | World Systems Theory |
| 431 Factors that influence the breakup of a state from within | Balkanization/Devolution |
| 432 Enclave of a nation into a territory of another state | Irredentism |
| 433 Use of armed forces in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy | Nation-Building |
| 434 Forced dispersion of the Jews by the Babylonians and later by the Romans in which they were routed from their traditional homeland and forced to live among the other nations of the world | Diaspora |
| 435 A state’s geographic shape which can have a decisive impact on its spatial cohesion and political viability | Territorial Morphology |
| 436 A capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border – It confirms the state’s determination to maintain its presence in the region | Forward Capital |
| 437 A boundary that passes through sparsely inhabited areas Antecedent Boundary | |
| 438 A boundary drawn during the course of development of the cultural landscape | Subsequent Boundary |
| 439 Forcibly drawn boundary across a unified cultural landscape | Superimposed Boundary |
| 440 A boundary that has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident on the cultural landscape | Relic Boundary |
| 441 Conference in which the European powers decided upon the rules for colonizing Africa 1884 | Conference of Berlin |
| 442 Offshore territory claimed by states for their exclusive economic gain | Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) |
| 443 The largest population cluster of a nation-state | Core Area |
| 2. Environment | All of the biotic and abiotic factors that act on an organism, population, or ecological community and influence its survival and development. Biotic factors |
| 3 The portion of the world’s land surface that is permanently settled by human beings | Ecumene |
| 4 A venture involving 3 or more national states – political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives | Supranationalism |
| 5 The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government | Devolution |
| 6 A force that unifies people | Centripetal Force |
| 7 A force that divides people | Centrifugal Force |
| 13 Four ways of identifying location | Toponym, Site, Situation, Absolute |
| 16 The process of the spreading of a feature or trend from one place to another | Diffusion |
| 17 Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships | Cultural Ecology |
| 18 Fundamental geographic question | Why of Where? |
| 19 The process whereby we think spatially, producing mental images of space which allows us to navigate and to communicate about the relative position of things in space | Mental Mapping |
| 31 Transferring the image of globe onto a flat sheet of paper | Map Projection |
| 32 Distortions | created by map projections Relative Size, Shape, Distance, & Direction |
| 39 Gathering of data from satellites for cartographic purposes | Remote Sensing |
| 40 Computer systems that process geographic data, usually to make layered maps (thematic layers) showing the correlation between various characteristics | Geographic Information Systems (GIS) |
| 50 The relative location of a place | Situation |
| 60 A region in which the characteristic(s) apply throughout | Formal Region |
| 69 The interdependence of places which occurs through networks in which people, ideas, and goods move between places | Spatial Interaction |
| 70 Something becoming worldwide in scope | Globalization |
| 76 Movement of a characteristic through the movement of people | Relocation Diffusion |
| 77 Permanent relocation diffusion | Migration |
| 78 Diffusion from a node of authority | Hierarchical Diffusion |
| 79 Rapid widespread diffusion | Contagious Diffusion |
| 80 Diffusion of an underlying principle rather than the intended feature | Stimulus Diffusion |
| 89 Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land | Agricultural Density |
| 90 Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in an area | Crude Birth Rate (CBR) |
| 100 The number of people in the workforce compared to the number outside the workforce | Dependency Ratio |
| 110 A type of circulation mobility in which people move in a cyclical pattern | Seasonal Mobility |
| 114 Motivations to move away from a place | Push Factors |
| 115 Migration to a place (Into) | Immigration |
| 116 Motivation to move to a place | Pull Factors |
| 117 The mathematical difference between immigration and emigration | Net Migration |
| 128 Foreign citizens who are granted legal entry in order to work, but not to stay permanently | Guest Workers |
| 129 The mass emigration of talented people | Brain Drain |
| 134 Interregional migration to cities | Urbanization |
| 135 Interregional migration to the outlying communities around a city | Suburbanization |
| 136 Interregional migration to rural areas Counter- | Urbanization |
| 137 Migration that occurs in stages, such as to a nearby village and then to a town and then to a city | Step Migration |
| 139 The restriction of migration from Eastern Europe during the Cold War is an example of - | An Intervening Obstacle |
| 140 Mexican squatter settlement | Colonia |
| 141 “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things” | Tobler’s First Law of Geography |
| 142 A model used to predict spatial interaction, where size (population) is directly related to interaction and distance is inversely related to interaction | Gravity Model |
| 150 Highly efficient method of shipping that uses steel boxes to ship goods that are easily transferred from ship to rail to truck | Containerized Shipping |
| 160 Man’s imprint on the natural landscape | Cultural Landscape |
| 170 An invented language of the twentieth century based on Latin that was intended to become a world language | Esperanto |
| 171 The communication system of a group of people Language 172 Written form of a language | Literary Tradition |
| 173 Language spoken by the largest number of people | Mandarin Chinese |
| 180 Largest language family | Indo-European |
| 190 The blending of Old English and French | Middle English |
| 200 A recognized or official language in an area | standard Language |
| 210 Two languages of Belgium | French & Flemish |
| 220 Founder of modern Turkey | Ataturk |
| 221 Body of water that separates the European and Asian parts of Turkey | Bosporus Strait |
| 222 Nationality without a state in southern Turkey and northern Iraq | Kurds |
| 229 Interaction between two factors (groups) | Spatial Convergence |
| 230 Segregation between two factors (groups) | Spatial Divergence |
| 231 A religion that espouses the idea that there is one true religion for all people | Universalizing |
| 234 Monotheistic religion that developed in Southwest Asia about 3500 years ago | Zoroastrianism |
| 243 Followers of Islam, it means one who submits to the will of God | Muslim |
| 244 Arabic word for God | Allah |
| 245 Five pillars of Islam | Faith, Prayer, Giving, Fasting, Pilgrimage |
| 254 Buddha’s search for enlightenment | Great Renunciation |
| 255 Result of Buddha’s Great Renunciation | 4 Noble Truths |
| 256 State beyond suffering in Buddhism | Nirvana |
| 257 Means to achieving nirvana in Buddhism | 8 Fold Path |
| 263 Aryan religious texts upon which Hinduism is based | Vedas |
| 264 The creator god in Hinduism | Brahma |
| 265 The preserver god in Hinduism | Vishnu |
| 266 The destroyer god in Hinduism (not seen as evil) | Siva/ Shiva |
| 270 Founder of Daoism (Taoism) | Lao-Zi (Lao Tse) |
| 279 Belief that spirits are in animate and inanimate objects | Animism |
| 280 Founder of Christianity Jesus 281 Birthplace of Jesus | Bethlehem |
| 289 Answer to Martin Luther’s burning question | Salvation Is Achieved Through Faith Alone |
| 309 Forced dispersion of the Jews in 70 AD | Diaspora |
| 310 Buddha’s place of enlightenment | Bodh Gaya |
| 311 Birthplace of Muhammad | Makkah (Mecca) |
| 312 Housed in the Shrine al-Haram al-Sharif in Makkah – It represents the concept of monotheism | Black Stone |
| 313 Source of the Ganges River where Siva lives | Mount Kailas |
| 314 Holiest site in Jerusalem for Muslims | Dome of the Rock |
| 315 Holiest site in Jerusalem for Christians | Church of the Holy Sepulcher |
| 316 Holiest site in Jerusalem for Jews | Western Wall |
| 329 Fundamentalism group that took control of Afghanistan after the Soviet Army withdrew from the country | Taliban |
| 330 Fixed social class system in India (historic) | Caste System |
| 331 Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth | Ethnicity |
| 332 Identity with a group who share a common biological ancestor | Race |
| 333 Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities | Racism |
| 337 U.S. Supreme Court decision that established “the doctrine of separate but equal” | Plessey v Ferguson |
| 338 U.S. segregation laws | Jim Crow Laws |
| 339 U.S. Supreme Court decision which ended segregation in public schools | Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. |
| 340 Taking advantage of “white flight” by buying property from whites who are fearful of blacks moving into their neighborhoods/ future lowering of property values and reselling it to blacks at large profits | Blockbusting |
| 341 Legal segregation policy in South Africa | Apartheid |
| 342 Leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and first black president of South Africa | Nelson Mandela |
| 343 One’s identification with a group of people who share legal attachment and allegiance to a particular country | Nationality |
| 344 Two principle ethnic/religious groups in South Asia | Hindus & Muslims |
| 345 Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India | Mahatma Gandhi |
| 352 African country in which six major clans have been waging a civil war resulting in a complete breakdown of government – Blackhawk Down took place here | Somalia |
| 353 Country in the Middle East that has experienced ethnic conflict as the proportions of various groups have changed – It is mostly controlled by Syria | Lebanon |
| 360 Two rival ethnic groups in Central Africa that have engaged in ethnic cleansing | Hutus & Tutsis |
| 361 World’s most fragmented state – It also have the highest number of Muslims | Indonesia |
| 362 Government program in Indonesia that provides incentives for people to move from densely populated islands to less densely populated ones | Transmigration Program |
| 370 A city neighborhood which is predominately occupied by Latinos | Barrio |
| 371 Region caught between stronger, colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress and often fragmented by aggressive rivals – Eastern Europe is an example | Shatterbelt |
| 372 That part of the cultural landscape that can be attributed to a particular ethnic group | Ethnic Landscape |
| 375 Development that occurs well beyond the limits of the current urbanized area, usually to take advantage of less expensive land | Leapfrog Development |
| 376 A new kind of zoning classification that stresses location of residential and commercial uses in close proximity and a greater density so people can walk to work, stores, and schools | Mixed Use Development |
| 377 Movement by architects and planners to build a more traditional neighborhoods that foster a sense of community – These neighborhoods emphasize people, not cars | New Urbanism |
| 378 Construction of small-scale developments on vacant pockets of land remaining within a city | Infill Development |
| 384 Only large landmass not a part of a sovereign state | Antarctica |
| 388 Control of an unorganized territory | Colonialism |
| 389 Control of an inhabited territory organized by indigenous people | Imperialism |
| 390 Largest remaining colony US Commonwealth of | Puerto Rico |
| 391 State shape in which the distance from the center does not vary significantly such as Poland | Compact state |
| 393 Two purposes of proruptions Access to a Resource, Separation of 2 States | |
| 394 Chile’s state shape | Elongated state |
| 395 Indonesia’s state shape | Fragmented state |
| 396 South Africa’s state shape | Perforated state |
| 397 An area between two states that is not completely controlled by either | Frontier |
| 398 UN zone separating the Turks and Greeks in Cyprus | Green Line (not a frontier) |
| 399 Disputed territory between Libya and Chad | Aozou Strip |
| 400 Usual shape of a geometric boundary | Straight Line |
| 402 Baltic Countries | Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia |
| 403 Largest multinational state | Russian Federation |
| 405 System of government in which most power rests with the central government | Unitary |
| 406 System of government in which power is shared by the national and provincial governments | Federal |
| 407 Drawing political districts to the advantage or disadvantage of a particular group | Gerrymandering |
| 408 Type of gerrymandering in which a group is broken up so it is a minority in many districts | Wasted Vote |
| 409 Type of gerrymandering in which a group is packed into as few districts as possible | Excess Votes |
| 410 Type of gerrymandering in which pockets of a particular group are linked together | Stacked Vote |
| 411 Organization replaced by the United Nations | League of Nations |
| 412 Term for the world of the Cold War which pitted NATO against the Warsaw Pact | Bipolar World |
| 413 The formation of alliances of approximately equal military power that tends to prevent conflict | Balance of Power |
| 414 International organization of American states that promotes social, cultural, and economic links | Organization of American States (OAS) |
| 415 Organization of African states that works to eliminate minority rule | Organization of African Unity (OAU) |
| 416 Organization of 48 states that were once a part of the British Empire that promotes economic and cultural cooperation Commonwealth of Nations | |
| 417 Economic alliance of communist countries that was disbanded in the 1990s | Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) |
| 418 Free trade agreement between Mexico, the U.S., and Canada North American | Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
| 419 Organization of countries that export large amounts of petroleum – By controlling worldwide supply, it influences prices | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) |
| 420 Economic unity of many European countries | European Union (EU) |
| 421 Common currency of many EU member countries | Euro |
| 422 The use of violence against non-military targets to intimidate states into changing policies | Terrorism |
| 423 Terrorist group responsible for the attacks in the U.S. on 9/11/2001 | Al-Qaeda |
| 424 The group that took control of the government of Afghanistan and assisted in the training of Al-Qaeda terrorists | Taliban |
| 425 Axis of Evil identified by President George W. Bush | Iraq, Iran, North Korea |
| 426 The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur | Geopolitics |
| 427 Geopolitical theory that states that states need to grow or they will die | Organic Theory |
| 428 Geopolitical theory that identifies a political power base in the heart of Eurasia which will eventually dominate the entire world | Heartland Theory |
| 429 Geopolitical theory that identifies a political power base on the coastal fringes of Eurasia which will eventually dominate the entire world | Rimland Theory |
| 430 A core-periphery model of the spatial distribution of economic power – The core is made up of the strong states and the periphery is made up of the weak states | World Systems Theory |
| 431 Factors that influence the breakup of a state from within | Balkanization/Devolution |
| 432 Enclave of a nation into a territory of another state | Irredentism |
| 433 Use of armed forces in the aftermath of a conflict to underpin an enduring transition to democracy | Nation-Building |
| 434 Forced dispersion of the Jews by the Babylonians and later by the Romans in which they were routed from their traditional homeland and forced to live among the other nations of the world | Diaspora |
| 435 A state’s geographic shape which can have a decisive impact on its spatial cohesion and political viability | Territorial Morphology |
| 436 A capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory, usually near an international border – It confirms the state’s determination to maintain its presence in the region | Forward Capital |
| 437 A boundary that passes through sparsely inhabited areas Antecedent Boundary | |
| 438 A boundary drawn during the course of development of the cultural landscape | Subsequent Boundary |
| 439 Forcibly drawn boundary across a unified cultural landscape | Superimposed Boundary |
| 440 A boundary that has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident on the cultural landscape | Relic Boundary |
| 441 Conference in which the European powers decided upon the rules for colonizing Africa 1884 | Conference of Berlin |
| 442 Offshore territory claimed by states for their exclusive economic gain | Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) |
| 443 The largest population cluster of a nation-state | Core Area |
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