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Adult Health
TEST #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When does learning occur? | when there is a mental change characterized by rearrangement of neural pathways |
| What is teaching? | process of diliberately arranging external conditions to promote the internal transformation that results in a change in behavior |
| What is health education? | any combination of planned learning experiences based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, or communities the opportunity to acquire the info an skills needed to make health decisions |
| Adults are? | indepedent learners |
| Readiness to learn arises from? | life's changes |
| Past experiences are? | resources for learning |
| Adults learn best when topic? | is of immediate value |
| Adults approach learning as? | problem solving |
| Adults see themselves as? | doers |
| Adults resist learning when conditions are? | incongruent with their self concepts |
| What are the stages of change? | precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination |
| What skills do nurses need to education? | knowledge of subject, communication skills, and empathy |
| What is the teaching process? | assessment, diagnosis, plan, implementation, and evaluation |
| What to assess about physical characteristics of pt? | age, pain, fatigue, mental status |
| What to assess about psychological characteristics of pt? | anxious, afraid, depressed, defensive, denial |
| What to assess about sociocultural characteristics of pt? | employed, occupation, finaces, reading ability, family, beliefs |
| What to assess about educational characteristics of pt? | already knows, most important to pt, prior learning experiences, ready to learn or change |
| What are the 4 elements of writing objectives? | subject pt, family actual behavior, list of symptoms conditions specific criteria to measure success |
| What factor do you consider when selecting a teaching stragey? | pt characteristics, subject matter, and available resources |
| What is the RAS? | ascending reticular activation system |
| What does the RAS do? | maintains alertness and wakefulness, receives sensory stimulation(visual, auditory, pain, and tactile) |
| What wakes you up? | release of norepinephrine |
| What makes you sleep? | release of serotonin |
| Being awake or falling asleep depends on impulses recived from? | higher centers (thoughts) PNS (sound or light stimuli) and limbic system (emotions) |
| What is stage 1 of sleep? | between drowsiness and sleep, lightest sleep, decrease in VS and metabolism, easily arounds, lasts only a few minutes |
| What is stage 2 of sleep? | sound sleep, relaxation progresses, easily awakened, body functions begin to slow, lasts 10-20 min |
| What is stage 3 of sleep? | deep sleep, difficult to awaken and rarely moves, muscles completely relaxed, vital signs decline, 15-30 min |
| What is stage 4 of sleep? | deepest sleep, very difficult to arouse, vitals decrease, sleepwalking and enuresis, 15-30 min |
| What kind of dreams do you have during REM sleep? | vivid full color dreaming |
| When does REM sleep begin? | 90 min after falling asleep |
| What are the charecteristics of REM sleep? | rapid moving eyes, fluctuaing heart and respiratory rates and increase/fluctuating blood pressure |
| What happens to muscles during REM sleep? | loss of skeletal muscle tone |
| What happens to gastric secretions during REM? | increase |
| How long does REM sleep average? | 20 min |
| What is presleep period? | gradually developing sleepiness |
| How many cycles does a person have per night? | 4-6 |
| How do the stages go? | Presleep,1,2,3,4,3,2,REM |
| With each cycle what stages shorten? | 3 and 4 and REM lengthens |
| What are common sleep disorders? | insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, sleep deprivation, parasomnias |
| What is sonnambulism? | sleepwalking |
| What is nocturnal enureses? | bedwetting |
| What is bruxism? | body rocking/tooth grinding |
| Sleep, newborn? | 16 |
| Sleep, infant? | 8-10, 1,2 naps |
| sleep, toddler? | 12 |
| Sleep, preschooler? | 12 |
| Sleep, school aged? | 9-12 |
| Sleep, adolescent? | 7 1/2 |
| Sleep, young adult? | 6-81/2 |
| Sleep, middle adult? | lower |
| Sleep, older adults? | decrease stage 3,4 and increased daytime sleeping |
| What factors affect sleep? | drugs, lifestyle, stress, environment, excercise, fatigue, food intake |
| What can the nurse do to help sleep? | environmental controls, promote bedtime routines, making periods of rest and sleep, stress reduction, bedtime snack, meds (melatonin, valerian, kava) |
| What can the nurse do in the hospital to help sleep? | environmental controls, promoting comfort, making period of rest and sleep, stress reduction |
| Medication for sleep disorders? | Valium, dalmane, ativan, and restoril |
| Medication for anxiey? | xanax, and ativan |
| What did Hans selye do? | conceptualized stress as a response to an environmental demand or stressor, identified stress as a non specific responce of the body to any demand made on it |
| Stress occurs when? | individuals perceives situation as a stressor |
| What is a positive stressor? | haveing a baby |
| What is a negative stressor? | no sleep |
| What is a physiological stressor? | pain |
| What is an emotional/psychological stressor? | boyfriend |
| More stress helps up to? | adapt better to stress |
| What is hardiness? | a clear snece of personal values and goals (nothing bothers them) strong tendency toward interaction with environment (changing), internal rather than external locus of control (they believe what they believe, don't let environment control them) |
| What is sense of coherence? | How one sees the world and their life in it (comprehensibility, managebility, meaningfulness) |
| What is resilience? | flexible, being resourceful, flexible, having an available source of problem-solving strategives |
| What is a personal characteristic of no stress? | positive attitude |
| What is GAS? | general adaptation syndrome |
| What are the stages of GAS? | alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| What is the alarm stage of GAS? | person has stressor, flight or fight, increased coricosteroids, increased sympathetic NS, increase norepinephrine, and low resistance to stressor |
| What is the resistance stage of GAS? | adapting to stressor, corticosteroids go WNL, sypathetic NS is WNL, Norepinephrine is WNL, fight or flight is gone |
| If a person does no adapt to a stressor what stage of GAS do they go into? | exhaustion |
| What is the exhaustion stage of GAS? | No energy left, loss of resilience to stressor may lead to death |
| Physical symptoms of alarm reaction may briefly? | reappear as final effort for the body to survive |
| What is included in the physiological responce of stress? | NS, cerebral cortex, limbic system, reticular formation hypothalamus, endocrine system |
| What does the reticular formation hypothalamus do? | regulates sympathetic and parasymapathetic systems |
| What does the SNS release? | corticotrphine releasing hormone which stimulates pituitary to release adreno coriotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| What does the endocrine system do? | release epinephrine and norepinephrine for flight or fight |
| Hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endophins-? | analgesic effect and blunt pain perception |
| Hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-ACTH-adrenal cortex? | cortisol (mood changes) and aldosterone (controls Na+) |
| What is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal symptoms? | increased CO, blood glucose, carbon dioxide consumption, increaed metabolic rate, mental alertness, BP, Immune system- decreased number of natural killer cells, production of cytokines interferon and interleukins, phagocytosis |
| What is coping? | a person's cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage stressors that seem to exceed available resources (positive or negative) |
| What is emotional focused coping? | managing emotions, talk with friends, taking hot bath |
| What is problem focused coping? | attempt to find solutions, setting priorities, collecting info, seeking advice |
| What do you assess about stress? | number of stressors, duration of stressors, previous experiences, meaning attached to stress, be aware of situations that result in stress and avoid them |
| What are physiological signs of stress? | increase heart rate, BP, respirations, sweating, headache,muscle pain, GI upset, decreased appetite, skin, insomina |
| What are behavioral signs of stress? | decreased concentration, accident prone, impaired speech, anxiety, crying, frustration, irritability |
| What are cognitive signs of stress? | inability to make decisions, forgetfulness |
| What do you do during relaxation breathing? | breath deeply and slowly, diaphragm, exhale slowly |
| What are concentration methods? | mind to single focus |
| What is guided meditation? | mind focused on conscious goal |
| What is mindfulness practices? | attend to any and all sensations, perception, cognitiions, and emotions as they arise |
| What is imagery? | use of one's mind to generate images that have a calming effect of the body |
| What does music have? | diversion to refocus, healing vibrations |
| What is soothing music? | 60-80 beats per min, low pitched, no words |
| What is progressive muscle relaxation? | inhale-tense, exhale-relax |
| Do not use muscle relaxation on who? | ppl with connective tissue damage, increase intracranial pressure, hypertension, or coronary artery disease |
| What is passive muscle relaxation? | no tension just relaxation |
| What is massage? | soft tissue manipulation |
| What gliding strokes of a message? | will cause relaxation |
| In a mesage you should stroke from? | distal to proximal, along long axis of muscle, lift and knead muscle |
| What does risk reduction do? | emphasizes strategies to prevent chronic diseases and acute events as an integral compnent of healthy behavior |
| What is health promotion? | a process of fostering awareness, influencing attitude, and identifying alternatives so that an individual can make informed lifestyle choices to help achieve or maintain optimal physical, mental, and emotional well being |
| The broadest in scope of healthy living promotion? | encompasses three levels of prevention |
| What was healthy people 2000 goals? | increase span of healthy life, reduce health disparities, provide access of preventive sercices for all |
| What was healthy people 2010 goals? | increase quality and years of healthy life, eliminate health disparities |
| What are 10 leading health indicators healthy people 2010? | physical activity, overweight, tobacco, substance abuse, responsible sexual behavior, mental health, injury and violence, environmental quality, shots, and access to health care |
| What is the nurses role in healthy people 2010? | provide preventive health services, monitor behaviors, and help clients to make decisions |
| What are the levels of prevention? | primary, secondary, and tertiary |
| level of prevention/checking BP? | secondary |
| level of prevention/shots? | primary |
| level of prevention/teaching a client to walk, rehab? | tertiary |
| What is Gordon's functional health pattern characterized by? | their focus |
| What is metabolic pattern? | nutrition |
| What is excersice pattern? | activity |
| What is rest pattern? | sleep |
| What is perceptual pattern? | cognitive |
| What is self concept pattern? | self perception |
| What is relationships pattern? | roles |
| What is reproductive pattern? | sexuality |
| What is stress tolerance pattern? | coping |
| What is non modifiable? | something you can't change, race, gender |
| What is modifiable? | something we can change, diet, cholesterol, exercise |
| Screeing is what kind of prevention? | secondary (detect disease early, treat, and slow progression) |
| What is phenylketonuria (PKU)? | genetic lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase |
| increases blood levels of phenylalanine that leads to? | irreversible brain and CNS damage, severe mental retardation |
| What do you do to test for PKU? | Guthrie test |
| If the guthrie test is positive what has to be done? | dietary control of phenylalanine |
| When should you screen for breast cancer? | every 1-2 years at 40 yrs |
| What increases risk of breast cancer? | nulliparous, early menarche, first child in late 30's, history, extended use of estrogen, obesity |
| What is a test for cervical cancer? | Pop Smear |
| What is an increased risk for cervical cancer? | low socioeconomic, multiple sex partners, early first sex, smokers, women with HIV |
| When should you get a pap smear? | in all women >21 years, every 3 years |
| When should you screen for colorectal cancer? | 50 years of age |
| What tests should be done to determine colorectal cancer? | annual fecal occult blood test and flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years |
| When should you get a colonoscopy? | every 10 years |
| Who is at high risk for colorectal cancer? | history of inflammaroy bowel disease, history of cancer, previously diagnosed, polyps |
| When does prostate cancer screening begin? | 50 years |
| What are the test for prostate cancer? | digital rectal exam, PSA-serum tumor marker prostate specific antigen |
| When should cholesterol screening begin? | men, 35-65 every 5 years Women, 45-65 every 5 years |
| What are the tests for cholesterol? | total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol |
| How often should screening for hypertension be? | every 2 years |
| For hypertension you must treat systolic >140 regardless of? | diastolic |
| How do you know if someone has glaucoma? | increased intraocular pressure, damage of optic nerve, visual field loss |
| What is glaucoma? | increase intraocular pressure due to obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor-damage of optic nerve |
| Who is at risk for HIV? | homosexuals, IV drugs, sex parteners, sex for money, transfusion between 1978-1985, sex with HIV |
| What is the test for HIV? | enzyme immunoassay |
| What are the complications of lead poisoning in child? | developmental delays, behavioral problems, seizures, coma/death |
| What are complication of lead poisening in adults? | anema, NS dysfunction, kidney disease, hypertension, diseased fertility |
| What are the tests for lead poisening? | blood lead, free erythrocyte or zinc protoporphyrin levels |
| Type 1 diabetes? | childhood |
| Type 2 diabetes? | adult |
| Screening for diabetes done for adults with? | hypertension, or hyperlipidemia every 3 yrs |
| What are the tests for diabetes? | fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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