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BIOL 111 Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology | The scientific study of life |
| Bioshpere | consists of all the environments on Earth that support life-most regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere |
| Ecosystem | consists of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving physical components of the environment with which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight |
| Community | An assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area. |
| Population | Consists of all the individuals of a species living in a specified area. |
| Organism | Individual living thing |
| Organ System | A group of organs that work together in performing a vital body function. |
| Organ | A structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions. |
| Tissues | An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both. |
| Cell | A basic unit of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane; the fundamental structural of life. |
| Organelle | A membrane bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell. |
| Molecule | A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds. DNA molecules |
| Emergent properties | New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" |
| Producers | An organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2 H20 and other inorganic raw materials: a plant, alga, or autotrophic prokaryote. |
| Consumer | An organism that obtains its food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants. |
| Systems biology | An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems |
| Prokaryotic cell | Simpler and usually smaller than a eukaryotic cell. No nucleus (All Bacteria) |
| Eukaryotic cell | Subdivided by internal membranes into many different functional compartments, or organelles, including the nucleus that houses the cell's DNA. Forms of life such as plants, animals, and fungi are composed of eukaryotic cells. |
| Genes | the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring. |
| Species | the term used for a particular type of organism |
| Domains | A taxonomic category above above the kingdom level. The three domains of life are Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
| Domain Bacteria and Domain Aechaea | Both consist of organisms with prokaryotic cells (most are unicellular and microscopic) |
| Domain Eukarya | All the eukaryotes, organisms with eukaryotic cells. Protists, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia |
| Evolution | that species living today are descendants of ancestral species "descent with modification" |
| Natural selection | A process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than an organism with other characteristics |
| Hypothesis | a proposed explanation for a set of observations |
| Theory | A widely accepted explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. |
| controlled group | An experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group. |
| Explain how the photosynthesis of plants functions in both the cycling of chemical nutrients and the flow of energy in an ecosystem? | Photosynthesis uses light to convert carbon dioxide and water to energy-rich food, making it the pathway by which both chemical nutrients and energy become available to most organisms. |
| Explain why cells are considered the basic unit of life? | They are the lowest level in hierarchy of biological organization at which the properties of life emerge. |
| What is the chemical basis for all of life's kinship? | DNA as the genetic material |
| To which of the three domains of life do we belong to? | Eukarya |
| What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type? | Population |
| Which series of terms is in the sequence of biological organization from the simplest to the most complex? | cell, tissue, organ, population |
| Plants obtain their energy from _____. | light |
| Energy is incorporated into most ecosystems by _____. | plants |
| The chemical energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from _____. | the sun |
| Your instructor asks you to look into your microscope to see a prokaryotic cell. You will be looking for a cell that | has a membrane |
| Which of the following statements about living systems is false? | Living systems are composed of two or more cells. |
| Humans are members of the _____. | domain Eukarya |
| Which domain includes multicellular photosynthetic organisms? | Eukarya |
| Which of the following statements about the domain Bacteria is true? | All bacteria lack a nucleus. |
| Members of the kingdom Animalia | can obtain their food by eating other organisms. |
| A scientist examining a group of cells under the microscope notices the presence of nuclei within these cells. Each cell is surrounded by a wall composed of cellulose. These cells must come from an organism that is a member of the kingdom | plantae |
| micrograph | photo taken through a microscope |
| Robert Hooke | used a crude microscope to examine a piece of bark (cork) |
| Leeuwenhoek | was the first to observe and describe bacteria...established that some bacterial cells move |
| cell theory | states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells |
| Two kinds of structurally different cells have evolved over time | Bacteria and archaea consist of prokaryotic cells, whereas all other forms of life (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) are composed of eukaryotic cells |
| plasma membrane | the membrane that sets a cell off from its surroundings and acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell |
| chromosomes | carrying genes made of DNA |
| ribosomes | tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes |
| cytoplasm | the entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane |
| nucleoid | region where the cell's DNA is located (not enclosed by a membrane) |
| Phili | attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes |
| Capsule | jellylike outer coating of many prokaryotes |
| Flagella | locomotion organelles of some bacteria |
| List three features that are common to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. List three features that differ. | Both types of cells have plasma membranes, chromosomes containing DNA, and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells are smaller, do not have a nucleus that houses their DNA or other membrane-enclosed organelles, and have smaller, somewhat different ribosomes |
| The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells can be organized into 4 basic functional groups (1) | (1) the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus function in manufacturing |
| The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells can be organized into 4 basic functional groups (2) | (2)Organelles involved in breakdown of hydrolysis of molecules include lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes |
| The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells can be organized into 4 basic functional groups (3) | (3)Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing |
| The structures and organelles of eukaryotic cells can be organized into 4 basic functional groups (4) | (4)Structural support, movement, and communication among cells are the functions of components of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall |
| cellular metabolism | the chemical activities of cells |
| Which of the following organelles does not belong in the list: mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, lysosome, peroxisome? Why? | Ribosome, because it's the only organelle in the list that's not bounded by a membrane |
| The architecture of cell surfaces can be viewed in the most detail using a _____. | scanning electron microscope |
| Which of the following cells has the greatest surface-to-volume ratio? | human muscle cell, ostrich egg, frog egg, human red blood cell, or bacterium. Answer: Bacterium. |
| Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they _____. | lack a nucleus |
| Most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is in the _____. | nucleus |
| Which of the following is a true similarity between algae and plants? | Plants and algae both are eukaryotic photosynthesizers. |
| In all plants, the zygote and earliest stages of the developing embryo are | attached to and nourished by the parent plant. |
| How are gametes produced by bryophytes? | mitosis of specialized cells in the gametophyte |
| In the moss life cycle, the diploid stage is the _____. | stalk and sporangium extending above the leafy sprigs |
| In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____. | mitosis ... mitosis. In both, gametes are produced by haploid gametophytes. |
| Where do fern antheridia develop? | on the underside of the gametophyte |
| The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____. | diploid sporophyte |
| Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____. | they have swimming sperm |
| Ferns and mosses are similar because both | have flagellated sperm. |
| In a moss, most of the plants that we see are ________, while in a fern the most dominant stage is the ________. | gametophytes . . . sporophyte |
| apical meristems | growth-producing regions of cell division found near the tips of stems and roots |
| vascular tissue | a network of thick-walled cells joined into narrow tubes that extend throughout the plant body. |
| two types of vascular tissues | Xylem includes dead cells that form microscopic pipes conveying water and minerals up from the roots. Phloem consists entirely of living cells, distributes sugars throughout the plant. |
| gametangia | structures that consist of protective jackets of cells surrounding the gamete-producing cells |
| reproduction and dispersal | mosses and ferns can only reproduce in a moist environment; pines and flowering plants have pollen grains, structures that contain the sperm-producing cells |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| haploid generation | which produces eggs and sperm; produces gametes and is called the gametophyte; produce gametes by mitosis |
| diploid generation | produces spores within protective structures called sporangia; produces spores and is calles the sporophyte |
| spore | a cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell |
| bryophytes | one of a group of plants that lack xylem and phloem; nonvascular plant. Bryophytes include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts |
| seedless vascular plants | the informal collective name for lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives) and pterophytes (ferns and their relatives) |
| seed | consists of an embryo packages with a food supply within a protective covering |
| gymnosperms | a naked-seed plant. Its seed is said to be naked because it's not enclosed in an ovary. Conifers |
| angiosperms | grasses, flowering shrubs, and flowering trees. Forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary |
| alteration of generations | the diploid and haploid stages are distint, multicellular bodies |
| Gametophyte is to _____ as _____ is to dioloid. | haploid...sporophyte |
| Where are the male and female sporangia located in flowering plants? | Anthers contain the male sporangia; ovules contain the female sporangia |
| what is the difference between pollination and fertilization? | Pollination is the transfer of pollen by wind or animal from stamens to tips of carpels. Fertilization is the union of egg and sperm, which are released from the pollen tube after the tube grows and makes contact with the ovule |
| In a pine, the embryo develops within the _____. | ovule |
| In angiosperms, pollen grains are released from the _____, land on the sticky _____, and develop a tube down the length of the style to the ovules. | anthers … stigma |
| In the process of angiosperm pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the _____ to the _____. | anther … stigma |
| After fertilization, the _____ develops into a seed and the _____ develops into a fruit. | ovule … ovary |
| You find a wildflower that has large, brilliantly colored petals, but it has no odor. What can you deduce about its pollinators? | Its pollinators locate flowers by visual cues rather than by smell. |
| Structures that evolved from the same structure in a common ancestor are | homologous |
| Which one of the following is the correct presentation of a species name? | Homo erectus (The genus and species names are italicized, and the first letter of the genus is capitalized.) |
| Assuming you will use the cladistic method, what characteristics would be most useful in constructing a phylogenetic tree of all bird families? | inherited characteristics present in some, but not all, bird families |
| phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| homologous structures;homology | structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry; similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry |
| convergent evolution | species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in similar environments and natural selection favors similar adaptations |
| analogy | the similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than a descent from a common ancestor with the same trait |
| Systematics | is a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships |
| binomial | A two-part, latinized name of a species |
| taxon | each taxonomic unit at any level |
| phylogenetic trees | a branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group or organisms |
| cladistics | the most widely used method in systematics |
| clades | a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| shared derived characters | new traits |
| shared ancestral characters | the original traits present in ancestral groups |
| ingroup | is the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed |
| outgroup | is a species or group of species that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the groups we are studying |
| parsimony | is the quest for the simplest explanation for observed phenomena |
| molecular systematics | comparing nucleic acids or other molecules to infer relatedness; a scientific discipline that uses nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer evolutionary relationships |
| molecular clock | evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates; estimates the actual time of evolutionary events based on the # of genetic changes |
| three-domain system | A system of taxonomic classification bases on three basic groups: bacteria, archaea and eukarya |
| horizontal gene transer | a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as plasmid exchange, viral infection and even fusion of different organisms |
| Fungi | although they are hetertrophs like animals, fungi don't eat their food, but rather they acquire their nutrients by absorption |
| Mycorrhizae | A close association of plant roots and fungi that is beneficial to both partners |
| parasites | obtaining their nutrients at the expense of living plants or animals |
| hyphae (singular, hypha) | a typical fungus consists of threadlike filaments making up the body of the fungus |
| mycelium | the densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus |
| What is a mycosis? What is an opportunistic pathogen? | A mycosis is a fungal infection. An opportunistic pathogen is a normal inhabitant of the body that grows out of control when there is a change in the body's microbiology, chemistry, or immunology |
| lichens | a close association between a fungus and an alga or between a fungus and a cyanobacterium, some which are known to be beneficial to both partners |
| promiscuous | animals mate with multiple partners and form no lasting bonds |
| polygamous | a type of relationship in which an individual on one sex mates with several of the other |
| monogamous | animals form a bond with a single partner, and both partners care for their offspring |
| behavior | is an action carried out by muscles or glands under the control of the nervous system in response to an environmental cue |
| behavioral ecologist | study behavior in an evolutionary context |
| stimuli | |
| innate behavior | behavior that is under strong genetic control and is performed i virtually the same way by all individuals of a species |
| fixed action patterns | an unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus; behavioral routines that are completed in full |
| Learning | is modification of behavior as a result of specific experiences |
| Habituation | an animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no information |
| Imprinting | learning that is irreversible and limited to a sensitive time period in an animal's life |
| Spatial learning | use of landmarks to learn the spatial structure of the environment |
| Cognitive mapping | an internal representation of the spatial relationships among objects in the environment |
| associative learning | behavioral change based on linking a stimulus or behavior with a reward or punishment; includes trial-and-error learning |
| social learning | learning by observing and mimicking others |
| problem solving | inventive behavior that arises in response to a new situation |
| kinesis | a random movement in response to a stimulus |
| taxis | is a response directed toward or away from a stimulus |
| trial-and-error learning | an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a positive or negative effect |
| cognition | the process carried by an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, integrate, and use information gathered by the senses |
| foraging | includes not only eating, but also any mechanism an animal uses to search for, recognize, and capture food items |
| search image | the mechanism that enables an animal to find particular food efficiently |
| optimal foraging theory | the basis for analyzing behavior as a compromise of feeding costs versus feeding benefits |
| agonistic behavior | confrontational behavior involving a contest waged by threats, displays, or actual combat, which settles disputes over limited resources, such as food or mates. |
| dominance hierarchy | a ranking of individuals based on social interactions |
| Why does the fungal mycelium grow in a branching network that maximizes the surface area? | to increase the area of contact between fungi and their food sources |
| In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of _____. | chitin |
| Fungi obtain nutrients through _____. | absorption |
| The figure below(fungus) shows threadlike _____, which form a branched network called a _____. | hyphae … mycelium |
| Lichens are _____. | close associations of photosynthesizers and fungi |
| gravestones from 1900 and earlier usually host many types of lichens. But in one cemetery, lichens are entirely absent, even from old gravestones. Given what is known about lichens, the cemetery without lichens probably | is close to a source of air pollution. |
| Central American leaf-cutting ants | cultivate fungal gardens that they fertilize with processed leaves. |
| A behavior that is genetically determined and that cannot be modified is _____. | a fixed action pattern |
| The modification of behavior based upon specific experiences defines | learning |
| A learning process that can occur only during a limited period of the individual's development is called _____. | imprinting |
| Scientists think that some birds may find their way during migration by _____. | sensing the magnetism of Earth |
| Every morning they turn on the light then feeds the fish in the aquarium. After a couple of weeks of this routine, they noticed that the fish came to the surface to feed as soon as the lights were turned on. The behavior of the fish is a result of _____. | associative learning |
| The baby bobcats watched as their mother stalked a rabbit and pounced. The next day, the young bobcats were seen stalking a field mouse, which quickly escaped from the inexperienced hunters. The young bobcats were learning how to hunt by the process of | social learning. |
| During the spring, male prairie chickens gather in open grassy areas and shuffle in a dance with their wings drooped, head erect, and tail feathers spread. The function of this dance is to | attract the attention of females. |
| Which of the following would be an example of agonistic behavior? | A dog raises its hackles, bares its teeth, and stands high to appear threatening. |
| Agonistic behavior | is used to establish dominance hierarchies. |
| Jane Goodall has devoted her professional life to the study of chimps in east Africa. What has she found to be the single most important social activity that reduces hostilities and improves relationships in the chimp community? | social grooming |
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