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A&P 1- Exam 1
Chapter 1& 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define anatomy and physiology. Explain how they are related. | Anatomy- study of form;study of structure & shape of body and its parts Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function. Related by fact that structure (anatomy) determines function (physiology) and likewise. |
| Methods to study anatomy: | - inspection: observation - palpatation: feeling structures with hands - auscultation: listening -percussion: tapping the body -dissection: cutting and separating of tissues -medical imaging (radiology) |
| Methods to study physiology: | -observation using medical devices -experimentation- usually on animals ( comparative physiology) - neurophysiology (-- of nervous system) - endocrinology (-- of hormones) - pathophysiology (how diseases begin and develop) |
| Explain how anatomical & physiological variation can impact patient care: | - Anatomical variation in humans - no two humans are exactly alike |
| List & define functions that human must perform in order to maintain life (Characteristics of Life) | -Digestion: break-down of food into simple molecules to be absorbed by body -Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions in body; production of energy to synthesize molecules; store energy -Excretion: elimate waste from metabolic reactions |
| Characteristics of Life (cont'd) | -reproduction: produce new cells (growth and repaire); produce germs cells for progeny - growth & development: increase cell size or number; change in form -evolution: changes occur over time through mutation |
| Explain human body organization- simplest to most complex | -Organism--> composed of organ systems -O.S.--> composed of organs (>1 tissue type) -Organs--> " " tissues -Tissues--> " " cells -Cells--> organelles -Organelles--> molecules -molecules--> atoms |
| 11 organ systems; major components; major functions: Integumentary System | - forms external body covering - protects deeper tissue from injury -synthesizes vitamn D -where cutaneous nerve receptors are located |
| Skeletal System: | -protects/ supports body organs -provides muscle attachment for movement -provides muscle attachment for movement -site of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) -stores minerals |
| Muscular System: | - allows locomotion - maintains posture - produces heat |
| Nervous System: | - fast- acting control system - responds to internal and external change - activates muscles and glands |
| Endocrine System: | -slow acting control system -secretes regulatory hormones: growth and development, reproduction, metabolism |
| Cardiovascular System: | - transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart -- O2, Co2, nutrients, wastes |
| Lymphatic System: | - returns blood to vessels - disposes of debris; removes dead cells - involved in immunity |
| Respiratory System: | - keeps blood supplied with oxygen - removes CO2 - plays role in acid- based balance pH |
| Digestive System: | - breaks down food - allows for nutrient absorption into blood - eliminates indigestible material |
| Urinary System: | - eliminated nitrogenous waste - maintains acid-base balance - regulates water & electrolytes |
| Reproductive System: | - production of offspring (progeny) - not simply reproduction! |
| Homeostasis & it's importance | Def: Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a state of dynamic equilibrium - Importance: keeps human body operating normally; loss of homeostasis results in death |
| Homeostatic Mechanisms: (maintain homeostasis) | - Stimulus Produces change in variable - Change detected by receptor (sensor) -input: information sent along afferent (approaching) pathway to control center - Output: Information sent along efferent (exit) pathway to activate effector - |
| Homeostatic Mechanisms: (maintain homeostasis) (Cont'd) | - Response of effector (takes some type of action) feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis |
| 3 most common body planes: | - saggital plane-- left & right regions - frontal (coronal) plane-- front & back portion - transverse (horizontal) plane-- upper & lower |
Created by:
KateOD
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