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SGU: Cell Organelles
Histology: Cellular Organelles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a ribosome composed of? | ribosomal RNA (2 subunits) and associated proteins |
| Function of ribosome: | protein synthesis |
| What kind of proteins do RER ribosomes make? | proteins with an ER signal sequence |
| Function of ER: | lipid and protein biosynthesis |
| Unique properties of ER: | membrane folds give ER greater surface area than PM, ER membrane continuous with nuclear membrane at specific sites |
| In what cells is the RER abundant? | cells specialized in protein synthesis such as secretory cells |
| What is a polyribosome? | many ribosome bound to a single mRNA molecule and attached to the ER membrane |
| What kind of proteins are translated in the RER? | those with an ER signal sequence |
| What cells have abundant SER? | cells specialized in lipid metabolism, ie. steroid secretory cells, cells involved in detoxification, ie hepatocytes, muscle cells that sequester Ca2+ |
| Function of Golgi? | post-translational modification, sorting and packaging of proteins |
| Where does glycosylation of proteins occur? | golgi |
| What cells have a well developed Golgi? | plasma cells: secrete antibodies, Pancreatic acinar cells: secrete digestive enzymes |
| Where do proteins for post translational modification enter in the golgi? | cis face |
| What kind of processing occurs in the golgi? | oligosaccharides are processed in Golgi, proteoglycans are assembled in the golgi, proteins and lipids are sorted and ext the TGN |
| exit in the golgi? | trans face |
| What is the function of coatomer-coated vesicles? | mediate bidirectional traffic between ER and Golgi |
| What direction are COP1 coated vesicles? | retrograde |
| What direction are COPII coated vesicles? | antergrade |
| What are the three pathways with respect to the golgi and lysosome? | constitutive secretory pathway, regulated secretory pathway and lysosomal pathway |
| What are the 3 types of granules in neutrophils? | azurophilic, specific and tertiary |
| Describe the neutrophil azurophilic granules: | large, dense, contain: peroxidase, defensins, lysozyme, lysosomal enzymes |
| Describe peroxidase | generates highly reactive bactericidal hypochlorite and chloramines to kill bacteria and pathogens |
| Describe defensins | small cation proteins that bind to microbial cell membranes and form pores |
| Describe lysozyme | bactericidal agent, attach peptidoglycans in cell walls |
| Describe neutrophil specific granules | small, less dense, contains:lysozyme, lactoferrin, complement activators, collagenase, phospholipase |
| What is Lactoferrin? | antimicrobial agent |
| Describe tertiary granules of neutrophils | contain phosphatases and metalloproteinases. |
| What is the function of the neutrophil? | phagocytosis and exocytosis |
| Describe the inside of a lysosome | 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes all of which are acid hydolases, very low pH (4.7) |
| Function of lysosome? | controlled intracellular digestion of macromolecules. |
| What is the covalent modification of lysosomal hydrolases? | covalently modified by the addition of mannose 6 phosphate in Golgi |
| How does the golgi know to transfer lysosomal hydrolases to the lysosome? | M6P receptor in golgi |
| Describe Tay-Sachs disease. | Accumulation of gangliosides because of a defect that affects lysosomal hydrolases |
| What are the 3 pathways to lysosomal degradation? | phagocytosis, endocytosis, autophagy |
| What is the function of peroxisomes? | compartmentalize and degrade toxic ROS, contains catalase and peroxidases |
| What is the function of catalase? | converts H202 into H2O & O2 |
| Where are peroxisomes important? | hepatocytes-detoxification of ingested alcohol, fat metabolism |
| Where are plasmalogens formation begin? | in peroxisomes |
| What is the importance of plasmalogens? | myelin phopholipid |
| Describe Zellweger syndrome | deficiencies caused by profound abnormalities in myelination of nerve cells |
| Where are peroxisomal proteins made? | free ribosomes |
| How are peroxisomal proteins targeted to peroxisome? | targeted by proxisomal targeting signal at C terminus |
| What non-membrane bound substances are found in the cell? | glycogen, lipid |
| What other membrane bound inclusions are in the cell? | pigments |
| Describe lipofucsin | brownish-gold, seen in non-dividing cells, conglomerate of lipids, metals, organic molecules |
| Describe hemosiderrin | brown, iron-storage commplex in cytoplasm, formed by indigestible residues of hemoglobin (found in spleen) |
| Function of mitochondria | generate ATP by citric acid cycle, oxidative phophorylation, beta-oxidation of fatty acids |
| Where are mitochondria abundant | cells that expend lots of energy: striated muscle |
| How are mitochondria derived evolutionarily and embryologically? | primitive eukaryotic cell with circular dsDNA, it is maternally derived |
| What genes are found in the mito dsDNA? | 13 oxidative phosphorylation genes, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs |
| What is found in the outer membrane of mito? | porins, phospholipase, acetyl CoA synthase |
| Function of the inner membrane of mito? | oxidation reaction: ETC, synthesize ATP, regulate metabolite transport into and out of the matrix |
| What is found in the intermembrane space of the mito? | enzymes that use ATP generated by the inner membrane:creatine kinase, adenylate kinase, cytochrome c |
| What is the function of the matrix of the mito? | oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, citric acid cycle, storage of divalent cations |
Created by:
mnoronha
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