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AH-Lewis Ch. 10
Pain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acute pain is the most? | common reason for health care visits |
| Chronic pain lasts more than? | 5 years |
| What are reasons for unrelived pain? | inadequte knowledge and skills to assess and treat pain, unwillingness of providers to believe pt's report of pain, lack of time, expertise and perceived importance, inaccurate and inadequate info regarding addiction, tolerance, resp depression |
| What is pain? | whatever the person says it is when they say it |
| What is the physioogic dimension of pain? | genetic, autonomic and physical determinants of pain |
| The affective compnent of pain is the? | emotional responce to the pain experience |
| What are affective responses? | anger, fear, depression and anxiety |
| What is suffering? | the state of severe distress associated with events that threaten the intactness of the person |
| What is the behavoral component of pain? | the observable actions used to express or control the pain |
| What is the cognitive component of pain? | beliefs, attitudes, memories, and meaning attributed to pain |
| What is the sociocultural dimension of pain? | encompasses factors such as demographics |
| What is nociception? | the physiologic process by which info about tissue damage is communicated to the CNS |
| What are the 4 processes of nociception? | transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation |
| Transduction is? | the conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action potential |
| The transduction of pain signals occur at the level of the? | peripheral nerves |
| What is peripheral sensitization? | inflammation and the subsequent release of chemical mediators increase the likelihood of transduction |
| What chemicals are involved in the process of sensitization? | leudotrienes, prostaglandins, and substance P |
| What is nociceptive pain? | pain produced from activation of peripheral nociceptors |
| What is neuropathic pain? | pain from abonormal processes of stimuli by the nervous system |
| What is transmission? | the movement of pain impulses from the site of transduction to the brain |
| What are the 3 segments involved in nociceptive signal transmission? | transmission along the PN fibers to the spinal cord, dorsal horn processing and transmission to the thalamus and the cerebral cortex |
| What are dermatomes? | areas on the skin that are innervated primarily by a single spinal cord segment |
| Perception occurs when pain is? | recognized, defined and responded to |
| What is modulation? | activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or faciltatory effects on the transmission of pain |
| Nociceptive pain is caused by? | damage to somatic or visceral tissue |
| What is somatic pain? | deep, aching or throbbing, that is well localized arises from bone joint muslce skin or connective tissue |
| What is visceral pain? | arises from internal organs such as the intestine and bladder |
| Neuropathic pain is caused by? | damage to PN or CNS |
| Deafferntation paon and sympathetically maintained pain is considered? | centrally generated pain |
| How does neuropathic pain feel? | numbing, burning, shooting stabbing, and can be short, sudden, intense |
| How long is chronic pain? | 3 months |
| Chronic pain is? | disabling and often is accompanied by anxiety and depression |
| Pain is the fifth? | vital sign |
| What are the goals of a nursing pain assessment? | to describe the pt's pain experience, identify the pt's goal for therapy |
| What are the basic pain characteristics? | onset, duration, and pattern of the pain, location, intensity, quality, associated symptoms, and factors that increase or relieve pain |
| Pain onset involves finding out? | when the pain started |
| Duration is? | how long the pain lasted |
| What is breakthrough pain? | transient, moderate to severe pain that occurs beyond the pain treated by current analgesics |
| The area of pain assists in identifying? | possible causes and treatment |
| The intensity of pain provided a reliable measure that is used? | to determine the type of treatment |
| The pain quality refers to? | the nature or characteristics of pain |
| What is titration? | dose adjustment based on assessment of the adequacy of analgesic effect verses the side effects produced |
| What is intraspinal opiod therapy? | inserting a catheter into the subarachnoid space |
| What is trigger point? | a circumscribed hypersensitive area within a thigh band of muslce that is caused by acute or chronic muslce strain |
| What is neuroaugmentation? | electrical stimulation of the brain and spinal cord |
| What is neuroablative interventions? | performed when there is severe pain and it is unresponsive to all other therapies |
| Pain is best described as? | an unpleasant, subjecive experience |
| A neurotransmitter know for its involvement in pain modulation is? | norepinephrine |
| Neuropathic pain is? | burning |
| Unrelieve pain is? | dangerous and can lead to many physical and psychologic complications |
| Transduction is the conversion of? | painful stimuli to an electrical impulse though the peripheral nerve fibers |
| Transmission occurs as the electrical impulse? | travels along the nerve fibers and regulated by neurotransmitters |
| The point at which one feels pain is known as? | pain threshold |
| The amount of pain one is willing to bear is know as? | pain tolerance |
| What are substances that increase pain transmission and cause inflammatory response? | substance P, prostaglandins, bradykinin, histamine |
| What are substances that decrease pain transmission and produe analgesia? | serotonin, and endorphins |
| Perception or awareness of pain occurs in the? | brain and is influenced by though and emotional processes |
| Modulation occurs in the? | spinal cord, causing muslces to contract reflexively, moving the body away from painful stimuli |
| Acute pain is? | protective, temporary, usually self limiting and resolves with tissue healing |
| What are physiological responses? | fight or flight |
| Behavoioral responses include? | grimacing, moaning, flinching and guarding |
| chronic pain is? | non protective, ongoing, last longer than 3 months |
| Physiological responses to chronic pain? | do not usually alter vital signs, but the client may experience depression, fatigue, and a decreased level of functioning |
| Nociceptive pain arises from? | damage to or inflammation of tissue other than that of the peripheral and CNS |
| Nociceptive pain is? | throbbing, aching and localized |
| Nociceptive pain resonds to? | opioids and nonopioid meds |
| Somatic pain is where? | bone, joint, muscles, skin or connective tissue |
| What is visceral pain? | an internal organ |
| What is cutaneous? | skin and tissue |
| Neuropathic pain arises from? | abnormal or damaged pain nerves |
| What does neuropathic pain include? | phantom limb, pain below the level of a spinal cord infury |
| Neuropathic pain is usually? | intense, shooting, burning, and described as "pins and needles" |
| Neuropathic pain typically responds to? | adjuvant medications, antispasmodic agents, and skeletal muslce relaxants |
| What are risk factors for undertreatment of pain? | cultural and societal attitudes, lack of knowledge, fear of addiction, exaggerated fear, anxiety about making errors in admin of pain meds |
| What populations at risk for undertreatment of pain? | infants, children, older adults, pt's with sub. abuse prob. |
| Causes of acute and chronic pain are? | trauma, surgery, cancer, arthritis, fibromyalgia, neuropathy |
Created by:
alicia.rennaker
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