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Test 1: Study Guide

Question	Answer
Anne Hutchinson	American religious leader; born in England. She was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 for her liberal views on grace and salvation.
Anne Hutchinson	First moving to Rhode Island and then settling in New York in 1642, she and most of her family were killed by Indians.
Antonio/Anthony Johnson	an Angolan African held as an indentured servant by a merchant in the Colony of Virginia in 1620, but later freed to become a successful tobacco farmer and owner of an African slave of his own.
Antonio/Anthony Johnson	on his death in 1670 a court ruled that he was: "a negro and by consequence, an alien", and the colony seized his land.
Bacon's Rebellion	an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony in North America, led by 29-year-old planter Nathaniel Bacon. About a thousand Virginians rose because they resented Virginia Governor William Berkeley's friendly policies towards the Native Americans.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo	a conquistador, who wrote an eyewitness account of the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards under Hernán Cortés, himself serving as a rodelero under Cortés
Calvinism	The religious doctrine of which the primary tenet is that salvation is predestined by God. Founded by John Calvin of Geneva during the Protestant Reformation, Calvinism required its adherents to live according to a strict religious and moral code.
Calvinism	The Puritans who settled in colonial New England were devout Calvinists
Chesapeak	a port city in central Virginia, in the Hampton Roads area
Coercive authority	authority using force or threats
Columbian Exchange	the transatlantic exchange of goods, peoples, and ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres
Commercial empire	control over what creates a profit
Eastern Woodlands	a cultural area of the indigenous people of North America.
Eastern Woodlands	The Eastern Woodlands extended roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern Great Plains, and from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf of Mexico, which is now the eastern United States and Canada.
Enclosure Movement	large landowners closed off the land in England and small farmers lost their jobs.
English Civil War	the war between Charles I and his Parliamentary opponents; Civil war broke out after Charles refused to accede to a series of demands made by Parliament.
English Civil War	The king's forces (the Royalists or Cavaliers) were decisively defeated by the Parliamentary forces (or Roundheads) at the Battle of Naseby (1645), and an attempt by Charles to regain power in alliance with the Scots was defeated in 1648.
English Civil War	Charles himself was tried and executed by Parliament in 1649.
English Reformation	The reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church, which led to the formation of Protestant Christian groups. The English Reformation began with Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church
Evangelicalism	the rend in Protestant Christianity stressing salvation through conversion, repentance of sin, adherence to Scripture, and the importance of preaching over ritual.
Fur Trade	a central part of the early history of contact between European-Americans and the native peoples of what is now the United States and Canada.
Fur Trade	Sailors began to trade metal implements (particularly knives) for the natives' well-worn pelts. The pelts in demand were beaver, sea otter and (in the 1870s) buffalo, as well as occasionally deer, bear, ermine and skunk
Gang System	a reference within slavery to a division of labor established on the plantation. It is the more brutal of two main types of labor systems. In the antebellum Cotton South the slave labor force consisted of a heterogeneous mix of strong and weak workers.
Gang System	The system utilized this mix by specializing workers to tasks that suited their physical capability.
Gang System	It was the allocation of slaves to assignments based on their comparative advantage that was the dominant cause of the productivity gain as farms moved from the task to the gang system
George Whitefield	an Anglican Protestant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the British North American colonies. He was one of the founders of Methodism and of the evangelical movement generally.
George Whitefield	He became perhaps the best-known preacher in Britain and America in the 18th century. He traveled through all of the American colonies and drew great crowds and media coverage, he was one of the most widely recognized public figures in colonial America.
Gilbert Tennent	a religious leader; an Irish-born American Presbyterian clergyman, son and brother of three other Presbyterian clergymen.
Glorious Revolution	also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of English Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange).
Great Awakening	The widespread movement of religious revitalization in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized vital religious faith and personal choice. It was characterized by large, open-air meeting at which emotional sermons were given by itinerant preachers
Headright	a legal grant of land to settlers; most notable for their role in the expansion of the thirteen British colonies in North America; the Virginia Company of London gave headrights to settlers, and the Plymouth Company followed suit;
Headright	Most were for 1 to 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land, and were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic Ocean and help populate the colonies. These were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or Indentured servant.
Hernan Cortes	a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.
Hernan Cortes	was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Horseshed Christians	those who skip the pastor's Bible teaching to spend part of their Sunday mornings in the horse-shed discussing secular matters
Indentured Servants	people that entered a system that committed poor immigrants to four to seven years of labor in exchange for passage to the colonies and food and shelter after they arrived. An indenture is a type of contract.
Iroquois	a member of a former confederacy of North American Indian peoples originally comprising the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca peoples (known as the Five Nations ), and later including also the Tuscarora
Jamestown	a British settlement established on the James River in Virginia in 1607, abandoned when the colonial capital was moved to Williamsburg at the end of the 17th century.
John Rolfe	English colonist in Virginia. He perfected the process of curing tobacco. In 1614, he married Pocahontas, the daughter of Indian chief Powhatan.
John Smith	American colonist; born in England. One of the leading promoters of English colonization in America, he helped to found the colony of Jamestown in 1607 and served as its president 1608–09.
John Smith	When captured by Indians from Powhatan's tribe, he was rescued by Pocahontas, Powhatan's daughter
John Winthrop	American colonial leader; born in England. He was the first governor 1630–49 of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His son John Winthrop, Jr., served as the governor of Connecticut 1657, 1659–76.
Joint-Stock company	a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.
Jonathan Edwards	American cleric and theologian. He was known for the extreme Calvinism of his preaching and writing.
King Philip's War	the first large-scale military action in the American colonies, pitting various Indian tribes against New England colonists and their Indian allies.
King Philip's War	Marked by heavy slaughters on both sides (including killings of women and children), the war cost thousands of lives.
Massachusetts Bay Colony	an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, centered around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston.
Massachusetts Bay Colony	The territory administered by the colony included much of present-day central New England, including portions of the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
Matrilineal	of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line.
Mercantilism	a set of policies that regulate colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of the mother country.
Mercantilism	ensured that the American colonies in the mid-seventeenth century produced agricultural goods and raw materials to be shipped to Britain.
Mercantilism	Ensured that products would be shipped to Britain, where they would increase wealth in the mother country through reexportation or manufacture into finished goods that would then be sold to the colonies and elsewhere.
Mexica	indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico, known today as the rulers of the Aztec empire. The Mexica were a Nahua people who founded their two cities Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco on raised islets in Lake Texcoco around AD 1200.
Mexica	After the rise of the Tenochca Mexica they came to dominate the other Mexica city-state Tlatelolco.
Middle Colonies	comprised the middle region of the Thirteen British Colonies in Northern America. Following the American Revolution, the Middle Colonies became the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York and Delaware.
Mourning War	Iroquois raids intended to seize captives to replace lost compatriots and take vengeance on non-members.
New England	an area on the northeastern coast of the U.S. that consists of the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
New France	the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763.
New France	At its peak in 1712 (before the Treaty of Utrecht), the territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
New Netherland	the 17th-century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on the East Coast of North America. The claimed territories were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to extreme southwestern Cape Cod.
New Netherland	The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.
New Spain	a former Spanish viceroyalty established in Central and North America in 1535 that was centered around present-day Mexico City. It was comprised of all the land under Spanish control north of the Isthmus of Panama and included parts of the southern U.S.
New Spain	It also came to include the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean and the Philippines. The viceroyalty was abolished in 1821, when Mexico achieved independence.
Pilgrims	a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons; a member of a group of English Puritans fleeing religious persecution who sailed in the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.
Pocahontas	American Indian; daughter of Powhatan, an Algonquian chief in Virginia. According to John Smith, she rescued him from death at the hands of her father. In 1612, she was seized as a hostage by the English, and she later married colonist John Rolfe.
Powhatan	Algonquian Indian chief; Indian name Wa-hun-sen-a-cawh or Wahunsonacock. He was the leader of Powhatan's Confederacy, an alliance of about 30 tribes that were located primarily in eastern Virginia.
Powhatan	Often noted for his ruthlessness, he made peace with the colonists after his daughter Pocahontas married Englishman John Rolfe in 1614.
Price Revolution	a series of economic events from the 2nd half of the 15th century to the 1s half of the 17th; refers to the relatively high rate of inflation that characterized the period across Western Europe, with prices on average rising perhaps sixfold over 150 years
Puritans	people who held the ideas and religious principles held by dissenters from the Church of England, including the belief that the church needed to be purified by eliminating the elements of Catholicism from its practices
Reconquista	a period of about 700 years (539 years in Portugal) in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking (and repopulating) the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim Al-Andalus Province.
Reformation	the reform movement that began in 1517 with Martin Luther's critiques of the Roman Catholic Church, which led to the formation of Protestant Christian groups.
Requerimiento	a written declaration of sovereignty and war, read by Spanish military forces to assert their sovereignty (a dominating control ) over the Americas.
Requerimiento	Written by Council of Castile jurist Juan López de Palacios Rubios in 1510, it was used to justify the assertion that God, through historical Saint Peter and appointed Papal successors, held authority as ruler over the entire Earth
Revivalism	belief in or the promotion of a revival of religious fervor.
Richard Freethorne	a seventeenth century New World indentured servant associated with Jamestown Settlement, though he lived (by his own account) about ten miles away.
Richard Freethorn	Between March 20 and April 3, 1623, he wrote a letter to his parents, which still survives and is one of the earliest documents describing conditions in the colony.
Rice	a swamp grass that is widely cultivated as a source of food
Roger Williams	American clergyman; born in England. Banished from Massachusetts, he founded the colony of Rhode Island and, within it, the settlement of Providence in 1636 as a refuge from political and religious persecution.
Roger Williams	He served as Rhode Island's president 1654–57.
Slavery	the state of being a slave
Task System	a reference within slavery to a division of labor established on the plantation. It is the less brutal of the two main types of labor systems; Some plantation owners allowed their slaves to produce goods for sale in task systems.
Tobacco	the plant of the nightshade family that yields these leaves, native to tropical America. It is widely cultivated in warm regions
Utopia	an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More.
Virginia Company	refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North America;
George McJunkin	the African American cowboy in New Mexico who discovered the Folsom Site in 1908.
Paleo-Indians	of, relating to, or denoting the earliest human inhabitants of the Americas, from as early as 40,000 years ago to c. 5000 bc.
Folsom hunters	a Paleo-Indian culture of Central and North America, dated to about 10,500–8,000 years ago. The culture is distinguished by fluted stone projectile points or spearheads
Archaic Indians	hunted bison with Folsom points; hunting and gathering cultures descending from Paleo-Indians
Great Basin peoples	Archaic people between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, region with environmental diversity; some lived along the shores of marshes and lakes formed during rainy periods; ate fish caught with bone hooks and nets; some lived in foothills of mnt.
Clovis peoples	a Paleo-Indian culture of Central and North America, dated to about 11,500–11,000 years ago and earlier. The culture is distinguished by heavy, leaf-shaped stone spearheads
California peoples	hunters and gathers even after 1492; diversity in environment encouraged diversity in people; 500 separate tribes w/ 90 languages with local dialects
Chumash	a member of an American Indian people inhabiting coastal parts of southern California
Northwest peoples	built more or less permanent villages; caught whales and large quantities of fish; developed sophisticated wood working skills- wood carving for wealth and status and large canoes
Woodland peoples	adapted to forest environment w/ rivers and great lakes; stalked deer as most important pray- gave clothing, shelter, and food; established more or less permanent settlements near rivers or lakes w/ food resources; created burial sites; lived about 18 yrs
Southwest peoples	located in present-day Arizona, NM, Utah, CO; characterized by agriculture and multiunit dwellings (pueblos); cultivated corn; hunter-gathers; became irrigation experts
Mogollon	one of the four major prehistoric archaeological Oasisamerica culture areas of the American Southwest and Northern Mexico; lived in the southwest from approximately AD 150 until sometime between AD 1400 and AD 1450. name comes from the Mogollon Mountains
Hohokam	1 of the 4 major prehistoric archaeological Oasisamerica traditions of what is now the American Southwest; used sophisticated grids of irrigation canals to plant and harvest crops 2 times a year; influence from Mexican cultural practices;
Anasazi	American Indian people of the southwestern U.S; The earliest phase of their culture, typified by pit dwellings, is known as the Basket Maker period; the present day Pueblo culture developed from a later stage.
Adena peoples	societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system. lived in a variety of locations, including: Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, and parts of Pennsylvania and New York.
Hopewell peoples	in the Illinois River and Mississippi River valleys in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri from 200 BCE to 400 CE.[1] They are ancestral to the groups which eventually became the Mississippian culture of Cahokia and its hinterlands; built larger mounds
Mississppian peoples	came from Hopewell peoples; mound building culture with platforms on top for ceremonies and for residences of great chiefs tradition coming from Mexican cultural meetings; emerged in floodplains or SE rivers;
Algonquian peoples	inhabited Atlantic seaboard, Great Lake region, and upper Midwest; grew corn and crops and fished and hunted- agriculture impractical cause of winter; used canoes for transportation
Iroquoian people	North American Indian peoples originally comprising the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca peoples (known as the Five Nations ); cultivated corn and crops; built longhouses in permanent settlements
Muskogean people	spread throughout woodland of SE- beautiful natural environment with abundant food; hunted, gathered, and farmed;
Great Plains peoples	hunted buffalo; enhabited region west of Eastern Woodland and east of Rocky Mountains; forced westward by Iroquoian and Algonquian tribes; some farmed corn and sunflowers successfully
Mexica	a war/violent centric society spanning more areas than Spain and Portugal combines and 3x as many people (roughly same number of indigenous people in New World as in Europe); Warriors were held in highest esteem
artifacts	Material remains studied and used by archaeologist and historians to support their interpretations of human history. Examples of artifacts include bones, pots, baskets, jewelry, furniture, tools, clothing, and buildings
archaeology	tend to focus on physical objects while historians focus on written documents; specialized in civilizations before writing; Really on for study of Indians who lived for thousands of years before the European’s arrived and complex societies
Folsom points	flint spear points
Pangaea	Originally the earth has one large land mass; continental drift cause it to separate way before the first human appeared in Africa;
continental drift	drift cause Pangaea to separate way before the first human appeared in Africa
homo erectus	early human beings
homo sapiens	modern human beings
Wisconsin glaciation	freeze that allowed for Indians to come from Asia to North America
Beringia	land bridge between Asia and North America
Clovis points	used by Archaic indians for hunting
hunter-gatherer	a way of life where food comes from both hunting and gathering of local sources
pottery	important to the Woodland culture; originated in Mexico; more durable but heavier decreased easy of nomadic life
agricultural settlement	settlements with agriculture as a major source of nutrition; typical of the Southwest cultures and the woodland and of the Tainos
pueblo	multiunit dwelling typically of the southwest indian culture
burial mounds	built by the woodland indians usually for chief; suggest hierarchy; o Burial mounds were for the most important people, probably hunters as suggested by the remains, and were about 100’ diameter and 30’ height
chiefdoms	a group of people under control of chief usually referring to woodland indian culture
Cahokia	The largest ceremonial burial mounds in Mississippi on the river
matrilineal rules of descent	of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line; used by the Iroquois
League of Five Nations	created by the Iroquois for the purpose of war and diplomacy
The Dalles	a prime fishing site on the Columbia River on the border of present-day Oregon and Washington where Northwest peoples caught millions of pounds of salmon every sumer and traded it as far way as California and the Great Plains
Tenochtitlan	Mexica capital
Mexica empire	a military and political system collecting from subjects goods, food, and human sacrifices; Warriors were held in highest esteem and capturing prisoners was the ultimate act of bravery
Huitzilopochti	god of war worship by Mexica
tribute	reflected the fundamental relations of power and wealth that pervaded the Mexican empire
Queen Isabella	born in spain; namer for her mother, second wife of King John II of Castile; married Ferdinand; united the monarchies of Spain
King Ferdinand	of Aragon (1452–1516), king of Castile 1474–1516 and of Aragon 1479–1516; known as Ferdinand the Catholic. He and his wife Isabella instituted the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 and supported the expedition of Chistopher Columbus in 1492.
Christopher Columbus	Spanish explorer; born in Italy; Italian name Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish name Cristóbal Colón. Columbus persuaded the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to sponsor an expedition to sail across the Atlantic in search of Asia
Prince Henry the Navigator	known as Henry the Navigator. The third son of John I of Portugal, he organized many voyages of exploration, most notably south along the African coast, thus laying the foundation for Portuguese imperial expansion around Africa to the Far East.
Tainos	the native agricultural society people that Columbus found; worshipped the gods zemis, an ancestral spirits that inhabited natural objects
John Cabot	sent by King Henry VII of England to find the Northwest Passage who thought he reached Asia, went again and was never heard of again; An Italian in the service of England, he sailed from Bristol in 1497 in search of Asia, but found America
Amerigo Vespucci	America was named after him; Italian merchant and explorer. He reached the coast of Venezuela on his first voyage and explored the Brazilian coastline. The Latin form of his first name is believed to have given rise to the name of America.
Martin Waldseemuller	German who was first to publish a map showing the New World not attached to Asia and called it America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci
Ferdinand Magellan	led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe; Portuguese explorer; sailed from Spain, rounding South America through the strait, and reached the Philippines; He was killed in a skirmish on Cebu; the survivors sailed back to Spain around Africa
Hernan Cortes	first of the Spanish conquistadors. He overthrew the Aztec empire by conquering its capital, Tenochtitlán; destroyed Tenochtitlán completely, established Mexico City as the capital of New Spain (now Mexico), and served briefly as its governor.
Malinali	helped Cortes; fourteen-year old girl who spoke several native languages; his mistress at some point
Montezuma	Aztec emperor; The last ruler of the Aztec empire in Mexico, he was defeated and imprisoned by the Spanish under Cortés in 1519.
Mexica	people of Mexico
Tlaxcalans	a stronghold of bitter enemies of the Mexica; allowed Cortes to regroup, obtain reinforcements , and plan a strategy to conquer Tenochtitlan
Francisco Pizarro	conquered the Incan empire in Peru by holding the emperor Atahualpa hostage until he receive an unbelievable amount of gold and silver and then executed Atahualpa
Atahualpa	Incan emperor in Paru held hostage by Pizarro until he receive an unbelievable amount of gold and silver and was then executed
Hernando de Soto	traveled to Florida looking for riches but died unsuccessfully
Franciso Vasquez de Coronado	searched the Southwest for the Seven Citites of Cibola but Cibola turned out to be a India settlement that attacked; He gave up when he got to Kansas
Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo	sailed the California coast
Bartolme de Las Casas	missionaries who complained about the mistreatment of the Indians and how it hurt the conversion effort so Spanish monarchies took pity on them and removed the encomenderos
Juan de Onate	led an expedition of about 500 people to settle northern Mexico and claim the booty rumored to exit there
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (King Charles I of Spain)	His reign was characterized by the struggle against Protestantism in Germany, rebellion in Castile, and war with France. handed the struggle to his son Philip II and the imperial Crown to his brother Ferdinand
Martin Luther	started the Protestant Reformation; publicized criticism on the Church in 1517; preached “justification by faith” and all knowledge in the bible, not the Church; charged the church with fraudulent but only meant to reform the Church but to split it;
Philip II	son of Charles V; continued the Reformation after his father
Jacques Cartier	who sailed up the St. Lawrence River, looking for the Northwest Passage which was never found;
Martin Frobisher	The English Cathay Company sent him to northern Canada looking for the Northwest Passage hoping to establish trade with China but he only returned with “ore” which turned out to be worthless and the Company collapsed
bubonic plague	Black Death; killed 1/3rd of the population in Europe provide some opportunities for the survivors
the Reconquest	Span and Portuguese drove to expel the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula; Henry the Navigator gather information about water travel that extended down the coast of Africa
caravel	ship that made traveling easier developed by the Portuguese
Treaty of Tordesillas	said that everything found 11 hundred miles west of the Canary Island belonged to Spain and East to Portugal.
Northwest Passage	water passage through North America to Pacific Ocean to Asia
Columbian exchange	he transatlantic exchange of goods, peoples. And ideas that began when Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, ending the age-old separation of the hemispheres
conquistador	one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
Tenochtitlan	capital of Mexica
Incan empire	ruled by Atahualpa in Paru with large amounts of gold and silver
San Miguel de Gualdape	namesake of Georgia
Seven Cities of Cibola	mythical city of fabulous wealth
New Spain	where the greatest treasure was Indian labor; where missionaries complained about treatment of Indians; most export was silver; relatively easy life; those whites born here were creoles; made Spain rich
royal fifth	what the Spanish crown took from any loot confiscated and allowed the conquerors to divide the rest
encomienda	benefited spain; a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.
repartimiento	limited the labor an encomendero could command from his Indians to forty-five days per year from each adult male
Potosi, Bolivia	where major silver deposits were found
Zacatecas, Mexico	where major silver deposits were found
peninsulares	those born on the Iberian Peninsula
creoles	born in New Spain from Spanish men and women
mestizos	one born from a Spanish man and an Indian woman, which were usually bastards and worked at laborers and artistes some of which would rise through the rank and some of which would be grouped with the Indians mostly depending on their skin color
Acoma pueblo revolt	revolt against Spain responded by Onate ruthlessly suppressing and killing 800 men, women, and children
Protestant Reformation	The reform movement that began with Martin Luther’s critiques of the Roman Catholic Church leading to the formation of Protestant Christian groups.
justification by faith	"Individual Christians could obtain salvation and life everlasting only by having faith that God would save them"; preached by Martin Luther
Roanok	where disappeared colonist settlement was set up by Sir Walter Raleigh
Captain John Smith	captured by Powhatan but his daughter Pocahontas saved him from being beaten to death as part of a rutual indicating Powhatan’s power of life and death and the white mans adoption into their culture; wrote "General History of Virginia";
Algonquian Indians	lived in woodland region (on Atlantic coast with mild weather); grew corn and crops, hunted, and fishes; type of Indians of Pocahontas
Powhatan	sent children to English towns to provide food or protection in attempt to treat them like his own; performed ritual adoption of John Smith; Jamestown colonist landed in his chiefdom; introduced corn to the settlers
Pocahontas	Powhatan's daughter; "saved" John Smith; mostly likely “saved” his as part of a ritual making Smith as a werowance, subordinate chief; held hostage, converted to Christianity, married John Rolfe, gave birth to son Thomas, and died in England
John Rolfe	Pocahontas's English husband; planted the first tobacco seeds in 1612 and by 1617 the settlers sent the first shipment to England and it went for a high price
James I	became king in 1603 and looked for profitable land encroaching on Spanish territory successful defended in 1588 so England felt the ability to flex muscles; gave grant to the Virginia Company, a joint stock company, created to establish a colony
Opechancanough	Powhatan's brother left in charge who lead an attack against the settlers killing a third of the pop. but failed to dislodge them
Charles I	reign was dominated by the deepening religious and constitutional crisis that resulted in the English Civil War. After the battle of Naseby, tried to regain power, but forces were defeated; tried by a special Parliamentary court and beheaded.
Lord Baltimore	attempted to create heaven for discriminated Catholics in Maryland but their ended up being more protestants, though less wealthy and prominent than the Catholics, causing some turmoil and the culture became indistinguishable from Virginia’s
William Berkeley	did not allow for an election for 15 years and in 1670 only men heading a household and were landowners could vote to keep political power; declared Bacon a rebel and called for an election of the burgesses which backfired
Nathaniel Bacon	lead Bacon's Rebellion; declared a rebel by Berkeley who called for an election of the burgess which ironically brought him to power
Pueblo Indians	lead the the most successful uprising that sent the Spaniards out of New Mexico into present day El Paso, TX
Charles II	gave John Colleton a charter to created Charlestown
Virginia Company	a joint stock company, was created in 1606 to establish a colony to benefit England so they got grant from King James; continued to pore in more settlers promising riches despite desperate food shortages in New World; gave out headrights; sent many women
colonization	the process by which a country or society gains control over another, primarily through settlement
Jamestown	created when o The ships Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed landed on Chesapeake Bay on April 26, 160 and was attacked my Indians and a week later landed ashore a peninsula in Powhatan’s chiefdom and built a fort;
royal colony	colony under royal control, not under a private company as in the case of Jamestown after multiple Indian attacks
House of Burgesses	representatives in Virginia; Bacon served on it
tobacco	wildly used among the Native Americans but one it was first sent to Europe it was an expensive luxury good but later when more was being shipped it because an “affordable indulgence”; first seed planted by Rolfe; requires year round care;
headright	grant of fifty acres of free land given from the Virginia Company to anyone who could pa their own transportation to Chesapeak
indentured servants	a system that committed poor immigrants to four to seven years of labor in exchange for passage to the colonies and food and shelter after they arrived. An indenture is a type of contract
yeoman	a farmer who owned a small plot of land that was sufficient to support a family and was tilled by family members and perhaps a few servants
Navigation Acts	required that colonial goods only be transported in English ships w/ English crews and required that goods only be sent to English ports promoting mercantilist assumptions that what’s good for England should govern colonial policy
mercantilism	a set of policies that regulated colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of the mother country; ensured that the American colonies in the mid-17th c. produced agricultural goods and raw materials to be shipped to Britain
Bacon's Rebellion	happened because of dispute over Virginia’s Indian policy leaving hostility between great planters and poorer neighbors; lead to reforms to stabilize relations between elite planter and lesser neighbors but the dedication to growing tobacco did not lessen
grandees	most successful colonist in producing a valuable product (sugar and tobacco)
Barbados	where slaves where 3/4ths the population; many from here went to Carolina with their slaves; most successful sugar production;
Roger Williams	American clergyman; born in England. Banished from Massachusetts, founded the colony of Rhode Island and, within it, the settlement of Providence in 1636 as a refuge from political and religious persecution. He served as Rhode Island's president 1654–57.
Henry VIII	has six wives, three children, His first divorce, from Catherine of Aragon, was opposed by the pope, leading to England's break with the Roman Catholic Church.
Elizabeth I	daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; Succeeding Mary I, Elizabeth reestablished Protestantism as the state religion. reign dominated by the threat of a Catholic restoration and by war with Spain, culminating in the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
James I	He was the son of Mary Stuart and the father of Charles I. A major accomplishment during his reign was the translation of the King James Bible
Pilgrims	a member of a group of English Puritans fleeing religious persecution who sailed in the Mayflower and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.
William Bradford	American religious and colonial leader. He was a signer of the Mayflower Compact in 1620 and governor of Plymouth Colony sporadically
Wampanoag Indians	a member of a confederacy of native peoples of southeastern Massachusetts who spoke the extinct Algonquian language Massachusett.
John Winthrop	American colonial leader; born in England. He was the first governor 1630–49 of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
John Calvin	French theologian and reformer. On becoming a Protestant, fled to Switzerland, where attempted to reorder society on reformed Christian principles. His Institutes of the Christian Religion was the first systematic account of reformed Christian doctrine.
"visible saints"	persons who passed their demanding tests of conversion and church membership
Anne Hutchinson	American religious leader; born in England. banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her liberal views on grace and salvation. First moving to Rhode Island and then settling in New York in 1642, she and most of her family were killed by Indians.
John Cotton	minister; stressed the "covenant of grace" which was the idea that individuals could be saved only by God's grace in choosing them to be members of the elect; clashed with Puritans
antinomians	of or relating to the view that Christians are released by grace from the obligation of observing the moral law
Thomas Hooker	American clergyman; born in England. A founding settler of Hartford, Connecticut, in 1636, he helped to write the Fundamental Orders (1639), which was Connecticut's original constitution.
Oliver Cromwell	English general and statesman; lord protector of the Commonwealth; leader of the victorious Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War. As head of state, instituted many puritan reforms; briefly succeeded by his son Richard, who was forced into exile.
Quakers	a Christian movement founded by George Fox and devoted to peaceful principles. Central to their belief is doctrine of Inner Light or sense direct working in the soul; reject both formal ministry and all set forms of worship.
Peter Stuyvesant	Dutch administrator in North America. Appointed colonial governor of New Netherland; served until the colony was captured by English forces in 1664. In 1655, he expanded the colony by taking over New Sweden in the Delaware River area.
Charles II	restored to the throne after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's regime. Although he displayed considerable adroitness in handling the difficult constitutional situation, religious and political strife continued during his reign.
Duke of York	brother James of Charless II who gave him enormous grant of land including New Netherland; organized a small fleet of warships to manhattan island and demanded Stuyvesant's surrender
William Penn	English Quaker, founder of Pennsylvania. Having been imprisoned for Quaker writings, was granted a charter by Charles II; founded the colony of Pennsylvania as a sanctuary for Quakers and other nonconformists in 1682.
Pequot Indians	a member of an American Indian people of southern New England.
Metacomet	chief of the Wampanoag Indians; son of Massasoit. He waged King Philip's War on the New England colonists because they had taken some of his land and had killed three of his warriors. His defeat and death in battle ended Indian resistance in New England.
Edmund Andros	sent by the English to govern the dominion of New England; some colonist cooperated but most were offended by his flagrant disregard of Puritan traditions
James II	king of England, Ireland, and Scotland. The son of Charles I, escaped to the Continent and returned at the Restoration. became king on the death of his brother Charles II, but his conversion to Catholocism made him extremely unpopular. escaped to France
William III of Orange	grandson of Charles I, husband of Mary II; reigned 1689–1702; known as William of Orange. In 1688, he deposed James II at the invitation of disaffected politicians and was crowned along with his wife Mary.
Jacob Leisler	lead the rebel seizure of the royal governor of New England and ruled the colony for more than a year
John Coode	lead the Protestant Association that overthrew the Maryland's colony's pro-Catholic government, fearing it would not recognize the new Protestant king
Puritanism	regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.
English Reformation	a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches.
Church of England	the English branch of the Western Christian Church, which combines Catholic and Protestant traditions, rejects the pope's authority, and has the monarch as its titular head.
separatism	the advocacy or practice of separation of a certain group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender
Mayflower Compact	the ship in which the Pilgrims sailed from England to America in 1620.
Plymouth	the scene of the Pilgrim Fathers' departure to North America in the Mayflower; The site in 1620 of the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, it was the earliest permanent European settlement in New England
royal charter	a written grant by the crown, by which an institution such as a company, college, or city is created and its rights and privileges defined.
Act of Supremacy	outlawed the Catholic Church and proclaimed the king "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England"
Massachusetts Bay Company	sent Puritans to small settlement in New England
Arbella	a ship holding emigrants sent by the Massachusetts Bay Company
Calvinism	the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination.
predestination	(as a doctrine in Christian theology) the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, esp. with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.
General Court	a meeting of the Massachusetts Bay Company stockholders to make laws needed for governing the company's affairs; expanded members to all free male church members and was too large to meet conveniently so only two deputies sent as colony's legislative
town meeting	a meeting of the voters of a town for the transaction of public business.
covenant of grace	(in Calvinist theology) the covenant between God and humanity that was established by Jesus Christ at the Atonement.
covenant of works	(in Calvinist theology) the covenant between God and humanity that was broken by Adam's sin at the Fall.
Arminianism	relating to the doctrines of Jacobus Arminius (Latinized name of Jakob Hermandszoon, 1560–1609), a Dutch Protestant theologian, who rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. His teachings had a considerable influence on Methodism.
Puritan Revolution	began when immigration dwindled to a trickle
Halfway Covenant	A compromise allowing unconverted children of "visible saints" to be "halfway" members, baptize thier children without being full members b/c they had not experience full conversion. MA ministers accetped this compromise, but remained controversial
Manhattan Island	n island near the mouth of the Hudson River that forms part of the city of New York. The site of the original Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam
Charter of Privileges	gave the proprietor the power to appoint the council and in turn strip the council of all its former powers and gave them to the assembly, which became the only single-house legislature in all the English colonies
King Philip's War	the first large-scale military action in the American colonies, pitting various Indian tribes against New England colonists and their Indian allies. Marked by heavy slaughters on both sides, the war cost thousands of lives.
Dominion of New England	Massachusetts and Northern Maryland under direct English rules and revoking Massachusetts charter founded on Puritan government; ruled by Sir Edmond Andros
Glorious Revolution	reasserted Protestant influence in England and its empire
Protestant Association	lead by John Coode; overthrew the New England colony's pro-Catholic government, fearing it would not recognize the new Protestant king
King William's War	the conflict with the French after Glorious Revolution
the Robin Johns	part of a slave-trading dynasty headed by their kinsman Grandy King George
Benjamin Franklin	only one sign 3 principal doc.: Declaration of Ind., peace treaty, U.S. Constitution; scientific achievements: theory of electricity introducing positive and negative, a demonstration of the electrical nature of lightning leding to lightning conductor
Iroquois Indians	a member of a former confederacy of North American Indian peoples originally comprising the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca peoples (known as the Five Nations )
Mahican Indians	a member of an American Indian people formerly inhabiting the Upper Hudson Valley in New York.
Pennsylvania Dutch	the German-speaking inhabitants of Pennsylvania, descendants of 17th- and 18th-century Protestant immigrants from the Rhineland.
middling folk	neither the poorest nor the better-off
Scots-Irish	those hailed from northern Ireland, Scotland, and northern England; Protestants; tended to be militant Presbyterians who seldom hesitated to bear arms or swear oaths; clannish
redemptioners	a variant of indentured servants; penniless emigrants
Olaudah Equiano	published an account of his enslavement that hints at the stories that might have been told by the African slaves; born in interior Nigeria; kidnapped by Africans and sold to other Africans and shipped to America
"new Negroes"	newly arrived African slaves who were often more depressed, demoralized, and disoriented
"country-born" or "creole" slaves	those born into slavery in the colonies or Africans who had arrived earlier
Jonathan Edwards	American cleric and theologian. He was known for the extreme Calvinism of his preaching and writing.
George Washington	helped to win the American Revolution by keeping his army together through the winter at Valley Forge and by winning a decisive battle at Yorktown; chaired the convention at Philadelphia that drew up the U.S. Constitution.
Yamasee Indians	amounted a attack against colonial settlement n South Carolina nad inflicted heavy casualties
Creek Indians	amounted a attack against colonial settlement n South Carolina nad inflicted heavy casualties
Cherokee Indians	a member of an American Indian people of the southeastern U.S
Gaspar de Portola	military man who headed an expedition north from Mexico to present-day San Diego to found first California mission, San Diego de Alcala
Junipero Serra	Catholic Priest who accompanied Gaspar de Portola into California to set up first California mission
natural increase	growth through reproduction
partible inheritance	involving or denoting a system of inheritance in which a deceased person's estate is divided equally among the heirs.
Queen Anne's War	French invaded Germany; bad conditions worsened and trigered first large-scale migration
Poor Richard's Almanack	Franklin's most profitable book which preached the likelihood of long-term reward for tireless labor; sold thousands of copies
Middle Passage	the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.
"seasoning"	acculturation of slaves because of planters preference for slaves from a specific regions in Africa
Senegambia	a region in West Africa that consists of the Senegal and Gambia rivers and the area between them. It lies mostly in Senegal and western Mali.
Gold Coast	former name for Ghana
Bight of Biafra	location providing many slaves; preferred African region for slaves
Congo	in central Africa with a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean
Angola	the western coast of southern Africa
Stono rebellion	when a group of 20 slaves attacked a country store, killing 2 storekeepers and confiscating guns, ammunition, and powder; enticing more slaves to join; plundered and burned half a dozen plantations and killed more than 20 white men, women, and children;
task system	gave slaves some control over the pace of heir work and some discretion in the use of the rest of their time; task was defined and specific job needed completion every day
gentry	people of good social position, specifically the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth
property-holding requirement	prevented 40% of white men in Virginia from voting for representatives to the House of Burgesses
mass markets	he market for goods that are produced in large quantities.
Congregational Church	the official established church in New England, and all residents paid taxes for its support
Enlightenment	a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents.
American Philosophical Society	an outgrowth of an earlier group in Philadelphia organized by Benjamin Franklin, who was deist
deism	belief in a supreme being, a creator who does not intervene in the universe; used chiefly of an intellectual movement that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity interacting with humans
Great Awakening	The widespread movement of religious revitalization int he 1730s and 1740s that emphasized vital religious faith and personal choice. it was characterized by large, open-air meetings at which emotional sermons were given by itinerant preachers
fur trade	colonial traders and empires competed; indians took advantage of thisplaying one trader and empire off against another; struck fragile balance along frontier
Yamasee War of 1715	Yamasee and Creek Indians with French encouragement attacked colonial settlements in South Carolina triggering a murderous rampage of revenge by the colonists against the Creek and Yamasee tribes
Seven Year's War	France and Indian allies against Britain and colonies; marked the onset of George Washington's rise to prominence. The conflict ended with the Treaty of Paris; Britain won nearly all of French North America.
presidios	(in Spain and Spanish America) a fortified military settlement.
San Diego de Alcala	first California missionary
Friar Ramon Pane	A Taino Origin Story; On Taino Religious Practices
Jeremiah Curtin	A Seneca Origin Narrative; The Woman Who Fell from the Sky
Christopher Columbus	Describes His First Encounter with "Indians"; The Diario of First Voyage to America 1492-1493
Bernal Diaz del Castillo	A Conquistador Arrives in Mexico, 1519-1520; The Conquest of New Spain, 1632
Sir Thomas Moore	Describes New World Utopia; Utopia, 1515
Richard Frethorne	Describes Indentured Servitude in Virginia; Letter to Father and Mother, March 20, April 2,3, 1623
John Winthrop	The Abrella Sermon; A model of Christian Charity, 1630
Charels Woodmason	An Anglican Criticizes New Light Baptists and Presbyterians in the South Carolina Backcountry; Sermon on the Baptists and the Presbyterians, ca. 1768
Christian George Andreas Oldendorp	A Moravian Missionary Interviews Slaves in the West Indies, 1767-1768; History of the Evangelical Brethren's Mission on the Caribbean Islands, 1777

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