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Test 2: Anemia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood cell production | Hematopoiesis |
| Where is red and yellow marrow found and what is each made up of? | Yellow marrow is made of adipose tissue, and red is found in flat and irregular bones and is where red blood cell production occurs |
| What are the three functions of blood? | 1. Transportation (of 02, nutrients, waste, and hormones) 2. Regulation (of temp, fluid & electrolytes, and acid base balance) 3. Protection (from hemmorage and infection) |
| What is blood made up of? (in terms of percentages) | Plasma 55% & Blood Cells 45% |
| What are the 3 types of blood cells? | 1.Erythrocytes (RBC's that transport gases) 2.Leukocytes (WBC's) 3. Thrombocytes (platelets) |
| The destruction of blood cells | Hemolysis |
| What are some examples of plasma proteins? | !.albumin 2.globulin 3.clotting factors (mostly fibrinogen) |
| What is the normal lifespan of a red blood cell? | 120 days |
| What is the lifespan of a platelt? | 5 to 9 days |
| What is iron in the presence of in the RBC's? | as the "heme" in hemoglobin in the RBC's |
| How much iron is absorbed in the intestines? | 1 mg of every 10 to 20 mg (5-10% is absorbed) |
| When is hemoglobin production reduced? | When iron reserves are not replaced |
| A defficiency in the number of erythrocytes (RBC's), the quantity of hemoglobin, and the volume of packed RBC's (hematocrit) | Anemia |
| What causes anemia? (7) | 1. A decrese is RBC production 2. A decrease in hemoglobin synthesis 3. A decrease in DND synthesis 4. A decrease number of RBC precursers 5. Chemotherapy 6. Blood Loss 7. Increased RBC destruction |
| What type of anemia does a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis cause? | iron deficiency anemia |
| What type of anemia does a decrease in DNA synthesis cause? (2) | 1. Vitmin B 12 deficiency 2. Folic Acid deficiency |
| What type of anemia does a decrease number of erythrocyte precursers cause? | Aplastic Anemia |
| What are the 2 types of blood loss and what causes each? | 1. Acute- Trauma and Blood vessel Rupture 2. Chronic- Gastritis, Menstrual Flow, and Hemorriods |
| An abnormal number of hemoglobin may indicate what type of anemia? | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| Who is most suseptible to Iron Deficiency Anemia? (3) | 1. Young people 2. Those with poor diets 3. Women in reproductive years |
| What are some causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia? | 1. Poor dietary intake 2. Blood Loss 3. Malabsoprtion after GI surgery 4. Hemolysis |
| True or False: early signs of iron deficiency anemia are asymptomatic? | True |
| What are some moderate signs of iron deficiency anemia and what are some severe signs? | Moderate- Bounding pulse, SOB, "roaring" ears, and fatigue Severe- jaundice, pallor, retnal hemorrage, blurred vison, tachycardia, anorexia, bone pain, weight loss, heart failure, a smooth tongue |
| What are some important lab values and tests to look at when dealing with a patient with iron deficiency anemia? (6) | 1. H&P 2. H&H levels 3. RBC count and cell shapes 4. Reticulocyte count 5. Serum Iron and Ferritin 6. Occult blood in stool |
| What types of food are good for replacing iron? | Beans, tofu, lentils, humus, bran flakes, pumpkin seeds, etc. |
| True or False: A blood tranfusion with packed RBC's could be dangerous for a patient with low iron levels? | False: it is a way to treat it |
| Which vitamin should be pared with iron when implementing drug therapy for an iron deficient patient and what does it help with? | Vitamin C because it enhances absorption of iron |
| What method should be used when giving an IM iron injection? | the "Z" track method because it could stain the skin |
| What are 3 exmaples of nursing diagnosis for iron deficiency anemia? | 1. Activity intolerance 2. Altered nurtition: less than body requirements 3. Ineffective management of therapeutic regimen |
| A type of anemia in which all blood cells are decreaes and there is hypocellular marrow. It can be aquired or congenital | Aplastic Anemia |
| What are some causes of aquired congenital Aplastic anemia? | 1. Chromosomal alterations a. Faconi syndrome b. congential dyskeratosis c. amegakaricitic thrombocytopenia d. schwuanman diamond syndrome |
| What are some causes of aquired Aplastic Anemia? | 1. Exposure to radiation, chemicals, benzene, and insectisides 2. infections (hepatitis, tuberculosis) 3. prescirbed medications (alkylating agnets, antimetabolites, antimicrobials, gold) |
| What are some symptoms of Aplastic Anemia? | 1. Fatigue 2. SOB 3. Cardiovascular problems 4. Cerebral problems |
| What are some diagnostic studies to look at when dealing with a patients with Aplastic Anemia? | 1. Hemoglobin 2. WBC 3. Platelets 3. Reticulocyte Count (ususally low) 4. Bleeding (prolonged) 5. elevated serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 5. hypocellur bone marrow with increased yellow marrow |
| A reduction in platelt counts that are below 150,000. it can be inherited but most are aquired. | Thrombocytopenia |
| What is it called when thrombocytopenia is acutually inherited? | Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome |
| What types of foods, herbs, and drugs can you aquire thrombocytopenia from? | -thiazide diurectics, alchohol, estrogen, digoxin, heparin, spices (ginger, coumin, cloves), aspirin, garlic, ginko, and tonic water |
| The abnormal destruction of circulating platelets. Most common aquired thrombocytopenia. | Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura |
| How long do platelets last with ITP? | 1-3 days |
| A type of thrmobocytopenia that is very uncommon and a medical emergency because bleeding and clotting occur at the same time | Thrombic Thrombocytopenic Purpura |
| What is TTP characterized by? | 1. Hemoltuc anemia 2. Thrombocytopenia 3. Neuro abnormalities 4. Fever 5. Renal Abnormalities |
| Can TTP be drug induced? | Yes, it can also be idiopathic |
| A white clot syndrome. Occurs in 5-25% of patients who are on heparin. DVT can occur in this | Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome |
| What are some signs and symptoms to look for in patients with Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome | Bleeding (in gums), Internal bleeding (in urine or flank pain), hemorrage, petechiae, ecchymoses |
| What diagnostic tests and lab values are important for Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Syndrome? | Look for a decreaes platelet count, and increase PT and aPTT. Bone marrow examination, and ITP (positive antigen assay) will be positive |
| What therapies (drug included) are used for patients with Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura? | Corticosteriods, Splenectomy, Danazol (with steroids), Immunosuppressive Therapy, and Platelet transfusions |
| When should you give a platelet transfusion when having a patient with Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia? What else should you do? | Give the transfusion when the platelet count is < 10,000 and discontinue heparin |
| Who is Hemophillia and Von Willebrand disease more common in? | Hemophilla = in males Von Willebrand = in females |
| Slow prolonged bleeding from minor trauma, delayed bleeding, epistaxis (nose bleed), eccymoses, joint pain, neurologic signs, and uncontrollable bleeding are manifestations of... | Hemophillia and Von Willebrand Disease |
| A decrease in the total number of neutrophils (<1000 to 1500 = moderate and <500 severe) | Neurtopenia |
| What should you consider when assessing a patient with possible neurtropenia? | 1. Rapidity 2. Degree 3. Duration |
| How do you get neutropenia and how do you care for a patient with it? | They are predisposed to infection. Get WBC count and bone marrow biopsy. |
Created by:
nag5128
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