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Test 2: Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A broad range of diseases of multiple causes that can arise in any cell of the body capable of evading regulatory control proliferation and differentiation | Cancer |
| Originates in stem cell. Also know as cellular degeneration (occurs in stem cells). | Cellular Proliferation |
| True or False: Cancer cells are made at the same rate as normal cells | True |
| True or False" Cancer cells divide at regular times in cell division | False: Cancer cells do not divide at normal times in cell division |
| Theory that states that there is a mutation of stem cells. The cell dies, repairs itself, and pass damaga along. | Stem Cell Theory |
| When abnormal cells become tumor inducing cells | Cellur Differentiation |
| What are the 3 stages in the development of cancer? | 1.Initiation of adnormality of proliferation or differentiation 2. Promotion of these cells 3. Progression |
| An inherited mutation of the cell's genetic structure. You can get this from exposure to a chemical, radiation or viral agent | Initiation |
| True or False: Initiation is reversible | False" Initiation is irreversible |
| Reversible proliferation of altered cells. Promoted by dietary fat, obesity, smoking, and alcohol. | Promotion |
| A period of 1-40 years from initial genetic alteration and clinical evidence | Latent period |
| Final stage of cancer development. There is an increased growth rate of tumor, increased invasiveness, metastasis | Progression |
| A multistep process that begins with rapid growth of a primary tumor. It develops it's own blood supply and mechanically invades surrounding tissue | Metastasis |
| How do you classify cancer? | By it's anatomic site, the histology, and the extent of the disease |
| Where do carcinomas originate? | From the embryonal ectoderm and endoderm |
| Where do sarcomas originate? | From the embryonal mesoderm |
| Where do Lymphomas and Leukemias originate | From the Hematopoietic system |
| What does the histologic classification of a cell entail? | The appearance of cells, the degree of differentiation, |
| What determines are bad prognosis ina tumor? | Tummors that are poorly differentiated |
| What are the 4 different types of histologic gradings? | Grade I: cells differ slightly from normal cells and are well differentiated Grade II: Cells are more adnormal Grade III: Cells are very adnormal GRADE IV: Cells are immature and primitive, origin difficult to determine |
| What is the clinical staging of Cancer? (5 stages) | Stage 0: cancer in situ (common= cervical cancer) Stage I: tumor limited to the tissue of origin Stage II: limited local spread Stage III: extensive local and regional spread Stage IV: metastasis to other structures (ex: lung to brain) |
| What is the TNM classification system | T- Tumor size and invasivness N- presence or absense of regional spread to the lymph nodes M- metastasis to distant organ sites |
| Give examples of how to prevent cancer | Reduce exposure to carcinogins, healthy diet, exercise, rest, reduce stress, self examination, immediate care, screenings |
| What are the 7 signs of Cancer? | C- change in bowel/bladder habits A- a sore that doesn't heal U- unusual bleeding or discharge T- thickening or a lump I- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing O- obvious change in a wart/mole N- Nagging cough or horseness |
| Most common malignancy in American women and 2nd leading cause of death in women (next to heart disease) | Breast Cancer |
| What are some risk factors for breast cancer? | Female, over 50, family hx, personal hx of breast, colon, edometrial or ovarian cancer, Early menarche, first pregancy after 30 or nulliparity, weight gain, obesity, exposure to radiation, breast disease |
| A transmembrane receptor that helps regulate cell growth. It is often over exposed in Breast Cancer Patients | HER-2 |
| Size, axiallary node invlovement, tumor differentiation, HER-2 status, and estrogen and progesterone receptor status | Factors that affect the prognosis of Breast Cancer |
| Accounts for 22% of all Breast Cancer patients. 2 types: Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Lobular Carcinoma In Situ | Noninvasive Breast Cancer |
| Tends to be unilateral and most likely would progress to invasive breast cancer if left untreated | Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) |
| is not known to be a premalignant lesion but does put at risk for developing breast cancer. No treatment is necessary | Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) |
| Management for Noninvasive Breast Cancer | local excision, mastectomy, lumpectomy, radiation and/or tamoxifen |
| A rare and malignant form of Cancer. A lesion occurs in the nipple and areola region with or without a palpable mass. | Paget's Disease |
| What are some signs and symptoms of Paget's Disease? And what is the treatment for it? | Itching, burning, bloody drainage, superficial erosion, and ulceration. Tx=Mastectomy |
| The most malignant form of Breast Cancer. Very rare, agressive, and fast growing. | Inflammatory Breast Cancer |
| What are the symptoms of Inflammatory Breast Cancer, what is it often mistaken for, and what is the treatment for it? | Symptoms- Reddness, thickened skin resembling orange peel Mistaken for- Infection Tx- radiation, chemo, and hormone therapy |
| Where is the most commen site for a lump in the breast? | the upper, outer quadrant |
| True or False: the slower the growth rate of breast cancer the lower the mortality rate | True |
| What are some other typical symptoms of Breast Cancer? | Hard, irregularly shaped, nonmobile, nontender, nipple discharge, retraction, dimpling |
| Where does Breast Cancer ususally metastisize at? | through the lymphatic system |
| Diagnostic tests for Breast Cancer | Mammogram, ultrasound, MRI, biposy, axillary lymph node dissection, and HER-2 test |
| breast conserving, with sentinel lymph node biopsy | Lumpectomy |
| removal of breast, pectoral muscles, lymph nodes and all fat and adjacent tissue | Mastectomy |
| Accumulation of lymph in the soft tissues. Symptoms include heaviness, pain, impaired motor function, numbness and paresthesia. Cellulitis and progressive fibrosis may occur too. | Lymphedema |
| Read over Therapies | under lymphedema |
| 3rd most common form of cancer. The onset is insidious. There are no symptoms until it is advanced. Regular Screenings is important | Colorectal Cancer |
| Who is colorectal cancer most common in and what are risk factors? | Most common in men and African Americans. Risk factors include increasing age, family or personal history, IBD, smoking, obesity, alcohol and large intakes of red meat |
| What are some signs and symptoms of Colorectal Cancer? | Hematochezia (bloody stools), melena (change in color), abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits |
| What is the most common type of Colorectal caner? | Adenocarcinoma |
| What diagnostic therapies are suggested for Colorectal cancer patients? | Digital rectal exams, occult blood test yearly, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, and colonoscopy every 10 yeats starting at age 50 |
| What 2 drugs are used in combination in chemotherapy for Colorectal cancer? | 5FU, leucovrin, and irinotecan |
| Prevents formation of blood vessels | Benacizumab |
| Allows intestinal contents to pass from bowel through an opening in the skin on the abdomen. A type of stoma is usually inserted | Ostomy Surgery |
| Types of Ostomies | Ileostomy, Sigmoid Colostomy, and Transverse Colostomy |
| Leading cause of cancer related deaths. Most common over age 50. Often related to a long history of smoking (Cig smoking causes 80-90% of all lung cancers, cigs contain 60 carcinogens) | Lung Cancer |
| What are the 2 types of Lung cancer? | 1. Non-small cell lung cancer 2. small cell lung cancer |
| True or false: Lung cancer spreads locally | False: it metastisizes by direct extension (to the brain, liver, bones, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands) |
| What are some signs and symptoms of Lung Cancer? | depends on the type location and metastic spread. Persistant cough, blood tinged sputum, dyspnea, and wheezing |
| Type of cancer with a malignant tumor of the prostate gland. 1 in every 5 men develop it. 75% chance over age 65. | Protate Cancer |
| Androgen-dependant adenocarcinoma | etiology of protate cancer that is a dependant androgen on male hormones |
| How is Prostate Cancer spread? (3) | 1. Direct Extension (to bladder, bowel, bone) 2. Lymph system (invades it) 3. Bloodstream |
| What are some risk factors for prostate cancer | Age, family hx, ethnicity (most common in white males), and high fat diets |
| What are some signs and symptoms of Prostate Cancer? | Asymptomatic (in early stages), dysuria, hesitancy, dribbling, frequency, urgency, hematuria, nocturia, retention, interruption of urinary stream, inability to urinate, pain in lumbosacral area |
| Removal of prostate gland, seminal vesicles, part of bladder | Radical Prostatectomy |
| Most common malignant condition. Persistant skin lesions that are highly suspicious for malignancy. | Skin Cancer |
| What is the ABCD(E) rule? | A- Asymetry B- Border irregularity C- Color change/variation D- Diameter 6mm or more E- Evolving, or changing in some way |
| What are some risk factors for cancer? | Blond or red har, blue or green eyes, hx of sun exposure (tanning, working outside), environmental factors (where you live) |
| What are 2 types of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer? | 1. Basal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma *both don't develop from melanocytes |
| locally invasive, from epidermal basal cells. Occurs in middle aged to older adults. It never spreads beyond the skin. | Basal Cell Carcinoma |
| How is Basal Cell Carcinoma treated? | Excision, cryosurgery, radiation, Moh's surgery (shave layers of skin), topical chemotherapy, and electrodissection. |
| Malignant, keratizing epidermal cells. Very aggressive with potential to metastasize.3 stages: 1. superficial -thin, scaly erythematous 2. Early- firm nodules with indistinct borders scaling and ulceration 3. Late- covering of lesion with scale or horn | Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| How is Squamous Cell Carcinoma treated? | Electrodissection, excision, radiation, Moh's surgery, Intra-lesion injection |
| Derives from Melanocytes, and is able to metastisize to any organ. This is the most deadly form of skin cancer. | Malignant Melenoma |
| What are some risk factors for Malignant Melenoma? | Chronic UV exposure, fair skin and eyes, prio diagnosis, first degree relatives, immunosuppression, dysplastic nevi, and exposure to enviornmental hazards |
| What are the 4 types of Melenoma? | 1. SSM 2. LMM 3. ALM 4. NM |
| The most common melanoma. Frequently comes from a pre-existing mole. Often found on the legs and upper back | SSM (superficial spreadind melanoma |
| Melanoma found on the face and most commonly in the elderly. Precurser to lesion (lentigines) or flat, brown, irregular patches | LMM (lentigo malignant melanoma) |
| Type of melanoma found on the palms, soles, mucous membranes, terminal phalanges, and in asians and dark skinned people | ALM (acral-lentingious melanoma) |
| Melanoma found mostly in men and anywhere on the body | NM (nodular melanoma) |
| What are some signs and symptoms of Melanoma? | 1/3 in exisiting nevi or moles, women- back and legs Men- trunk, head, neck, dark brown or black |
| Abnormal nevus pattern. Atypical moles that are larger than 5mm across. They have irregular borders, and come in various color chades with over 100 normal appearing nevi | Dysplastic Nevus |
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