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Skin
Skin Assessment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skin Assessment: Flushing; What is the associated disoder? | Increased permeability of the peripheral capillaries, as with fever. *Flushing may be normal with exercise. |
| Skin Assessment: Pallor; What is the associated disorder? | Decreased arterial blood flow of arterial insufficiency. |
| Skin Assessment: Rubor and brawny skin; What is the associated disorder? | Decreased venous return in venous insufficiency. *Skin is cool or cold over areas of decreased circulation. |
| Skin Assessment: Cyanosis; What is the associated disorder? | Circumoral cyanosis in congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Peripheral cyanosis in areas of impaired circulation w/oxygenated blood. *Cyanosis in dark-skinned pts can be assessed in buccal mucosa or conjunctivae. |
| Nail Assessment: Fingernail clubbing; What is the associated disorder? | Disease states with prolonged hypoxia (i.e. emphysema) |
| Assessment: Thinning of the skin, hair, and nails and hair loss; What is the associated disorder? | Nutritional deficiencies, inadequate absorption of vitamins A, B6 (riboflavin), and C |
| Assessment: Jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera, or buccal mucosa); What is the associated disorder? | Liver disease |
| Assessment: Pigmented macules; What is the associated disorder? | Peutz-Jeghers' disease. *Pigmented areas may be onhands, lips, or buccal mucosa. |
| Assessment: Facial flushing; What is the associated disorder? | Gastrointestinal cancers |
| Assessment: Uremic frost; What is the associated disorder? | Marked renal failure. *Results from precipitation of renal urea and nitrogen waste products through sweat onto skin. |
| Assessment: Hirsutism; What is the associated disorder? | Polycystic ovarian syndrome. *Affected women show male-pattern hair distribution, usually on face, chest, abdomen, or genital area. |
| Assessment: Thick, coarse hair, dry skin, and cool skin temp.; What is the associated disorder? | Hypothyroidism |
| Assessment: Smooth skin, thin, silky hair, and brittle nails; What is the associated disorder? | Hyperthyroidism |
| Assessment: Excessive hair growth or thinning - development of or worsening of acne; What is the associated disorder? | Androgen disorders |
| Assessment: Striae; What is the associated disorder? | Cushing's syndrome |
| Assessment: Hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes - nevi; What is the associated disorder? | Addison's disease |
| Assessment: Flushing; What is the associated disorder? | Pheochromocytoma |
| Assessment: Thickened skin; What is the associated disorder? | Pituitary tumor |
| Assessment: Decreased sweating (hypohidrosis), frequent cutaneous yeast infections, and hair loss on distal extremeties; What is the associated disorder? | Diabetes mellitus |
| Assessment: Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation); What is the associated disorder? | Peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. *Decreased sensation of any body area increases risk of injury, including burns and pressure ulcers. |
| Assessment: Cafe au lait macules; What is the associated disorder? | Neurofibromatosis |
| Assessment: Photosensitivity, malar rash (red macular lesions on forehead, cheeks, & chin - like a butterfly), coin-shaped lesions on trunk & extremities, and apthous ulcers on buccal mucosa; What is the associated disorder? | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Assessment: Annular erythema; What is the associated disease? | Sjorgen's syndrome |
| Assessment: Pallor of fingers and toes in response to cold; What is the associated disease? | Raynaud's phenomenon |
| Assessment: Erythema and increased temp. over a joint; What is the associated disease? | Sepsis or acute inflammation of the joint |
| Assessment: Generalized pallor; What is the associated disease? | Anemia |
| Assessment: Pruritis; What is the associated disorder? | Polycythemia, mastocytosis, lymphoma, or leukemia |
| Assessment: Spooning of nails; What is the associated disorder? | Iron deficiency states |
| Assessment: Patchy alopecia on the scalp or body, as well as missing or sparse eyelashes and eyebrows; What is the associated disorder? | Trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling? |
| Assessment: Small linear cuts on patient's arms, legs, or anterior torso; What is the associated disorder? | "Cutting:. *This self-injury coping method occurs in patients w/borderline personality disorder, depression, and other psychiatric states. |
| Macule | Flat, circumscribed, discolored, <1 cm diameter; Ex = freckles, tattoo, stork bite |
| Patch | Flat, circumscribed, discolored, >1 cm diameter; Ex = vitiligo, melasma, tinea versicolor |
| Papule | Raised, defined, any color, <1 cm diameter; Ex = wart, insect bite, molluscum contagiosum |
| Plaque | Raised, defined, any color, >1 cm diameter; Ex = psoriasis, lichen sclerosus |
| Wheal | Raised, flesh-colored or red edematous papules or plaquesm vary in size and shape; Ex = urticaria |
| Nodule | Solid, palpable >1 cm diameter, often w/some depth; Ex = basal cell carcinoma |
| Tumor | Large nodule; Ex = large nevus, basal cell carcinoma, lipoma |
| Bulla | Fluid-filled, >1 cm diameter; Ex = second-degree burns, bullous impetigo |
| Pustule | Purulent, fluid-filled, raised of any size; Ex = pustular acne, folliculitis |
| Cyst | Distinct and walled-off, containing fluid or semi-solid material, varied in size; Ex = epidermal cysts, cystic acne |
| Vesicle | Fluid-filled, <1 cm diameter; Ex = Herpes simplex, chicken pox |
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