Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Neurosci Olness4
Motor Systems and Tracts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Primary Motor Cortex is | Brodmann's area 4 |
| Brodmann's area 4 includes the ____ on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere. | precentral gyrus |
| Brodmann's area 4 includes the ____ on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. | paracentral lobule |
| The axons of the pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex extend down through the internal capsule and synapse with | either motor nuclei of the brainstem or ventral horn cells of the spinal cord |
| Axons from the motor cortex have ____ in the head and larynx | bilateral representation |
| explain bilateral representation of the motor cortex concerning the head and larynx | each motor cortex sends axons to the motor nuclei going to the head & laryngeal muscles on both right & left sides. |
| The muscles each cortical column activates are | synergistic: they work together to produce coordinated movement |
| Stimulating a single cortical neuron in primary motor cortex can ____ tone in a group of flexor muscles at a joint and ____ tone in the antagonists of these muscles. | increase tone in the flexors while decreasing tone in the antagonists |
| The ____ is located anterior to the upper part of the precentral gyrus. | premotor cortex aka Brodmann's area 6 |
| The supplementary motor cortex is located on the ______. | medial surface of the frontal lobe |
| Why are the premotor and supplementary motor cortices important? | They program movements that require a complex sequence of muscles (speech) |
| Before the motor cortices send info to the brainstem & spinal cord, they coordinate with the: | basal ganglia and the cerebellum |
| The motor cortices send axons to the ____ & ____ (parts of basal ganglia). | caudate, putamen |
| The caudate and putamen synapse with neurons of the ____. | globus pallidus |
| The globus pallidus sends axons to two thalamic nuclei, the ____ and ____. | ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus. |
| Thalamic nuclei send axons via the ____ & ____ back to the motor cortices. | internal capsule & corona radiata |
| Lesions on the basal ganglia, subthalamic nucleus, or substantia nigra result in | abnormal motor behavior, involuntary movements that cannot be controlled |
| Describe Parkinson's Disease | Substantia nigra affected; hypertonic rigid muscles tremors in extremities (hands) |
| Describe Huntington's Disease (a chorea "dancing" disease) | caudate, putamen, or globus pallidus affected; jerky purposeless movements in distal extremeties |
| Describe Athetosis Syndrome | caudate and putamen affected; muscle spasms, involuntary writhing |
| Describe Ballismus Syndrome | subthalamic nucleus affected; hyper tonic muscles, powerful uncontrollable flailing resulting in broken bones |
| Describe bradykinesia | a slowness of movement and difficulty in both starting and ending movement associated with Parkinson's |
| What are the 2 primary roles of the basal ganglia? | 1. communicate with the cerebral cortex 2. facilitate wanted movements and inhibit unwanted movements |
| The cerebral cortex interacts with the cerebellum to produce ____ movements. | smooth, synergistic (coordinated) movements |
| Axons of the pyramidal cells in the motor cortices project down through the ____ & ____ on their way toward the cerebellum. | internal capsule and cerebral peduncle |
| Pyramidal cells of the motor cortices project axons to the ____ (on way to cerebellum). | pontine nuclei |
| Axons from the pontine nuclei project across the midline by way of the ____ to the the opposite cerebellar cortex. | middle cerebellar peduncle |
| Axons from the pontine nuclei synapse directly on ____ neurons. | cerebellar cortical neurons |
| The cerebellar cortex processes the infor and sends it to the ____. | deep cerebellar nuclei. |
| Information leaves the cerebellum via the _____ and projects to the ventral anterior and ____ of the thalamus. | superior cerebellar peduncle, ventral lateral nuclei |
| The ____ neurons carry information to the motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord. | upper motor neurons |
| The ____ neurons carry information from the motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. | lower motor neurons |
| ____ send their axons directly to spinal cord motor nuclei. | Corticospinal neurons |
| The ____ pathway is a motor pathway from motor cortices, through the red nucleus, to the spinal cord | cortico-rubro-spinal (dashes for emphasis) |
| Corticospinal and coticrubrospinal pathways project to the | spinal cord |
| Corticobulbar pathways project to the | brainstem |
| Damage to upper motor neurons results in ____. | Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome |
| Describe Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome | voltional motor activity is impaired (speech). Muscles lose input from cerebral cortex and become hypertonic. |
| Describe Spastic Dysarthria | bilateral damage to primary motor cortex poor articulation strained voice low pitch |
| ____ are neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord whose axons go directly to skeletal muscles. | lower motor neurons |
| Lower motor neurons are alpha and gamma motor neurons whose axons constitute the ____ of motor activity. | final common pathway |
| Define final common pathway | out of the CNS by way of peripheral nerves directly to the muscles |
| All of the muscles that participate in speech production are activated by ____. | lower motor neurons |
| Speech is (more,less) affected by damage to lower motor neurons than upper motor neurons. | more |
| Describe lower motor neuron syndrome | weakness or loss of muscle tone & reduced reflexes. |
| Damage to lower motor neurons resuls in _____ dysarthria. | flaccid dysarthria |
| Describe flaccid dysarthria | caused by damage to brainstem and lower motor neurons (or motor cranial nerves) char: poor articulation breathiness hypernasal speech |
| Describe spastic dysarthria | caused by damage to neurons of the primary motor cortex char: extremely poor articulation strained voice quality low pitched voice |
| Describe ataxic dysarthria | caused by damage to the cerebellum char: irregular jerky speech and syllable repetitions |
| Describe hypokinetic dysarthria | caused by damage to the substantia nigra (ex: Parkinson's) char: weak voice with many hesitations intermixed with brief rushes of speech |
| Describe hyperkinetic dysarthria | caused by damage to the caudate and putamen (ex: Huntington's) char: irregular rate, pitch, loudness,pauses, and tics |
| Dysarthrias result in ______ in talking but no problems with ___ or language. | difficulty in talking but no problem with speech comprehension |
| Apraxias of speech result from damage to the ___, ____, or ___ areas, which code for the sequencing of language. | supplementary, premotor, or insular cortical areas |
| Problems caused by apraxias of speech include ____, ____, and _____. | repetitions, difficulty in selecting phonemes, and inconsistent speech |
| Motor systems consist of ____ (list 3). | direct tracts, indirect tracts, and feedback loops |
| Name 3 major motor systems | Pyramidal systems Extrapyramidal systems Cerebellar systems |
| Pyramidal systems include: | Pyramidal systems (direct activation): corticospinal corticonuclear (corticobulbar) |
| Extrapyramidal systems include | Brainstem to spinal cord (indirect activation) Feedback loop to direct system via basal ganglia |
| The cerebellar system includes: | Feedback loop to direct system via cerebellum |
| The structural components of a motor system includes: 1. cerebral cortex, 2. ____ of the cerebrum (basal ganglia) 3. brainstem, 4. cerebellum, 5. spinal cord, 6. PNS | Subcortical nuclei of the cerebrum: Basal Ganglia; |
| What are the components of the Basal Ganglia? | putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra |
| The components of the motor system cortex include the _____ (emotion) and ______ (motivation to move). | limbic association (emotion) pre-frontal association (motivation) |
| The cerebellum is connected to the brain by ______. | 3 cerebellar peduncles |
| Pyramidal systems are the primary, ____ pathway from cortex to (voluntary) muscles. | Pyramidal systems are the primary direct activation pathway |
| The pyramidal systems include the _____ system and the _____ system (formerly the corticobulbar system). | Corticospinal system Corticonuclear system |
| The pyramidal systems are responsible for ________ control for small groups of muscles. | precise |
| The majority of fibers for the pyramidal systems begin in the _____. | primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus) |
| Pyramidal tracts originate in cortex and consist of ____ neurons (1st order) and ____ neurons (2nd order) | upper motor and lower motor neurons |
| During the descent, the axons of the upper motor neuron send off ____ to the cerebellum (via the pons), as input for coordination of movement. | collaterals |
| Pyramidal innervation is primarily ____. | contralateral. |
| Extrapyramidal system (outside of pyramidal system)maintain ____ (list 3) of larger muscle groups. | muscle tone, body posture, and reflex responses |
| The extrapyramidal system has 4 tracts to the spinal cord: | reticulospinal vestbulospinal tectospinal rubrospinal |
| Reticulospinal tract | muscle tone, stabilize proximal body parts |
| Vestibulospinal tract | maintain antigravity tone for overall posture |
| Tectospinal tract | reactive orienting head and eye movements when there is a sudden visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimulus |
| Rubrospinal tract | functions in rudimentary way like corticospinal |
| An extrapyramidal feedback loop circulates from ____ to ___ and back to the _____. | feedback loop from cortex to basal ganglia and back to cortex |
| An extrapyramidal feedback loop helps with: | movement initiation and inhibition |
| The cerebellar feedback loop Coordinates movements via feedback loop from ____ to ___ and back to the ____. | cortex to cerebellum to cortex |
| When cerebellum or cerebellar feedback loop is damaged, it results in ____(discoordination). In speech system, this is called ____. | ataxia; ataxic dysarthria |
| Speech motor systems control and coordinate over ____ muscles. | 100 |
| Approximately __ speech sounds are uttered / second. | 14 |
| Motor feedback loops help ___ and ____ movement. | initiate / inhibit or smoothen / coordinate |
Created by:
MPJ
Popular Speech Therapy sets