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Pharmacologyreview
pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Additive effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drug given alone |
| Adverse drug event | Any undesirable occurence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication |
| Adverse drug reaction | Any unexpected, unintended, undesired,or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose) |
| Adverse effects | A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs |
| Agonist | A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body |
| Allergic reaction | An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication ; a type of adverse drug event |
| Antagonist | A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in thr body. AKA inhibitors |
| Antagonistic effects | Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less then the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone It is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another |
| Bioavailability | A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%) |
| Biotransformation | One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. AKA metabolism |
| Blood-brain barrier | The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities ( like bacteria, viruses) between the blood stream and theCNS. It still allows for the passage of essential substances like oxygen. |
| Cytochrome | the general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism. |
| Drug | Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism |
| Six Rights of medication use | Right patient Right drug Right time Right route Right dose Right documentation |
| Pharmaceutics | the science of preparing and dispending drugs including dosage form design |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of the biochemical and physicologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interations with body receptors |
| Parenteral route | The fastest route by which a drug can be absorbed. Parenteral is a general term meaning any route of administration other than the GI tract. Most common injections |
| Pharmacogenetics | The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response |
| Pharmacognosy | The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plants and animal sources |
| Pharmacokinetics | The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. Includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs |
| Pharmacothrtapeutics | The treatment of pathologic conditions through the us of drugs |
| Prodrug | An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various bio chemical reactions once it is inside the body |
| Active transport | The active (energy requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via biomolecular pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes |
| Diffusion | The passive movement of a substance between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration |
| Neonate | younger than 1 month of age |
| Nomogram | A graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements |
| Pediatric | Person younger than 12 |
| Polypharmacy | The use of many drugs concurrently in treating a patient , who often has several health problems |
| Bias | Any systematic error in a measurement process. One common effort to avoid bias in research studies involves the use of blinded study designs |
| Black box warning | A type of waning that appears in a drug's prescribing information, required by the FDA alerting prescribers of serious adverse events that have occurred with the given drug |
| Aquired disease | Any disease triggered by external factors and not directly caused by a persons genes |
| Alleles | The 2 or more alternative forms of a gene that can occupy a specific locus (location) on a chromosomes |
| Korsakoff's psychosis | A syndrome of anterograde and retrograde amnesia with confabulation (making up of stories) associated with chronic alcohol abuse; it often occures together with Wernicke Encephalopathy |
| Wernicke's encephalophathy | A neurologic disorder characterized by apathy, drowsiness, ataxia, nystagmus, and ophthalmoplegia; its caused by thiamine (vit b) deficiency secondary to chronic alcohol abuse |
| Acquired disease | Any disease triggered by external factors and not directly caused by a persons genes |
| Chromatin | A collective term for all of the chromosomal material within a given cell |
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