Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

esjastad respdi

resp digestion

QuestionAnswer
Microscopic air sac within the lung, where gas exchange takes place Alveolus
cessation of breathing after expiration apnea
the bronchi and their branches that carry air from the trachea to the alveoli of the lungs bronchial tree
a primary branch of the trachea that leads to the lung bronchus
a small branch of a bronchus within the lung bronchioles
the ultilization of O2 by the cells to produce energy ATP, CO2 and H20 cellular respiration
ring shaped mass of cartilage at the base of the larynx cricoid cartilage
difficult or labored breathing dyspnea
normal quiet breathing eupnea
exchange of gases between alveoli and blood external respiration
prolonged rapid and deep breathing hyperventilation
decrease in respiratory rate, very slow and shallow breathing hypoventilation
deficiency of O2 in arterial blood Hypoxemia
Deficiency of O2 reaching the tissues and cells Hypoxia
Subcategory of Hypoxia due to diminshed blood flow ichemic hypoxia
Subcategory of Hypoxia due to diminished RBC's and Hemoglobin Anemix hypoxia
exchange of gases between the blood and tissues or body cells internal respiration
process of mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs pulmonary ventilation
the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells respiration
one inspiration followed by one expiration respiratory cycle
the force that adheres moist membranes due to the attraction of water molecules surface tension
increased breathing frequency but not necessarily an increase in tidal volume tachypnea
includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx upper respiratory tract
includes the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs lower respiratory tract
bone and cartilage with 2 nostrils for air passage is called the nose
hollow space behind the nose nasal cavity
seperates nasal cavity into left and right halves, composed of bone and cartilage nasal septum
bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity nasal conchae
what do the nasal conchae do? they increase the surface area and support the mucous membranes which line the nasal cavity
lines the nasal cavity and contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium rich in goblet cells Mucous membranes (mucous secreting cells)
What do mucous membranes doin the nose? warms and moistens the air, cilia traps debris
specialized epithelial cells located superiorly in the nasal cavity olfactory receptor cells
what function do olfactory receptor cells serve? chemoreceptors, stimulated by chemicals dissolved in the mucous of the nasal passages, used for smelling
air filled spaces located within the frontal ethmoid, spehnoid and maxillary bones and open into the nasal cavity paranasal sinuses
this lightens the skull and act as resonance chambers for sound paranasal sinuses (the mucous membranes that line the sinuses are continous with the lining of the nasal cavity
behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and larynx pharynx (throat)
General purpose of Pharynx passage for food and air
Area behind the nasal cavity from the nasal septum to the soft palate that houses the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and the opening for the auditory (eustachian) tube. Nasopharynx
area from the soft palate to the hyoid bone responsible for passing food to the stomach and air to the lungs and houses the palatine and lingual (glossal) tonsils Oropharynx
area located from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage laryngopharynx
the right and left tubes open into the nasopharynx, provides a connection to the middle ear, permits equalization of pressure between the external and middle ear eustachian tubes
composed of cartilage, muscles, and other connective tissues, it houses the vocal cords Larynx (voice box)
Components of the Larynx Thyroid and cricoid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, vocal folds (cords), Glottis, Epiglottis
Superior large fused cartilage forming the anterior and lateral wall of the larynx Thyroid cartilage (adams apple)
Inferior portion of the larynx that attaches to the trachea Cricoid Cartilage
mucous membranes that extend on each side from the thyroid cartilages to the arytenoid cartilages Vocal Folds (cords)
Made up of 16-20 C shaped cartilage rings. Lined with ciliated mucous membranes and goblet cells which filters air, traps particles and moves the debris toward the pharynx Trachea
Purpose of the Trachea to conduct air to the lungs
branched airways connecting the trachea to the microscopic sacs of the lungs, similar in structure to the trachea but has less cartilage Bronchial Tree
Right and left primary come off of the trachea at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra Bronchi
The primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi
how many branches are on the right and left lungs three on the right and two on the left (one for each lobe of the lung)
Secondary bronchi divide into progressively smaller tubes and become ______ bronchioles
Spasm and constriction of the muscles in the bronchi and bronchioles cause this respiratory problem Asthma
small tubes of smooth muscles with no cartilage that branch into the alveolar ducts bronchioles
the alveolar ducts connect to thin walled out pouchings called alveolar sacs
Where does gas exchange take place? in the Alveoli
Microscopic terminal chambers (sacs) surrounded by a capillary network Alveoli
Continous exchange of what gasses occurs through the walls of the alveoli 02 diffuses into the capillary blood and CO2 diffused out
What edible object does Alveoli resemble? a cluster of grapes
Alveoli are made of what type of cells? simple squamous epithelial cells less than 1 micron thick (all alveoli laid out would cover 70 square meters)
Alveoli ____ during inhalation and ___ during exhalation inflate, deflate
Certain alveolar cells secrete this substance that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli making it easier to expand them during inhalation and prevent the walls from sticking during exhalation surfactant
spongy, cone shaped organs composed of tubular structures and alveoli bound together by elastic connective tissue Lungs
The lungs are encased by _____ and separated by ______ encased by the ribs and diaphragm, and separated by the mediastinum.
this lines the lungs and the inner wall of the thoracic cavity Visceral pleura:lungs and parietal pleura: thoracic cavity
the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a thin layer of serous fluid (lubricant reduces friction) intrapleural space
Thicker and broader than its counterpart, but somewhat shorter because of the diaphragm to accommodate the liver, composed of three lobes Right Lung
Composed of two lobes and has an indentation (cardiac notch) in which the heart lies Left lung
movement of air from outside the body into and out of the alveoli breathing or ventilation
inspiration is caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles
a dome shaped muscle that attaches to the lower ribs, sternum, and vertebral column (shaped like a parachute) the diaphragm
the diaphragm is innervated by this nerve phrenic nerve
when the diaphragm contracts it moves downward
external intercostal muscles are located____ between the ribs
when external intercostal muscles contract they raise the ribs and elevate the sternum
What are two accessory muscles in breathing and what do they do pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid pulls the thoracic cage further upward and outward
describe the end of inspiration when the reduction of pressure inside the lungs are equalized due to the rush of air from atmospheric pressure
Which cervical vertebrae if injured can cause paralysis of inspiratory muscles Above C3 due to origin of the phrenic nerve
A passive process in which the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax, the process of pushing air out of the lungs expiration
pressure inside the lungs exceed atmospheric pressure, causes air to be forced out of the lungs. the force comes from elastic recoil of thoracic tissue expiration
contraction of the internal intercostals, compresses the rib cage and the abdominal muscles to compress the abdominal viscera and push the diaphragm up. This action squeezes additional air out of the lungs Forced Expiration
measure by spirometry, different intensities move different amounts of air into and out of the lungs respiratory volumes
volume of air that is inspired or expired during a normal respiratory cycle, about 500 ml Tidal Volume (TV)
constitutes the maximum air that can be inspired beyond normal tidal inspiration during forced inspiration, about 3000-3300 ml inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
max amount of air that can be expired beyond normal tidal expiration during forced expiration, about 1100-1200ml expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the amount of air that remains in the lungs, allows gas exchange between breaths, 1200ml Residual Volume (RV)
the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible Vital capacity (4500-5000ml)
varies with age, sex and body size. vital capacity combined with residual volume equals total lung capacity (5700-6200ml)
Factors that control breathing involuntary act, continues if unconcious, are under voluntary control for a short time until rising CO2 stimulates the the urge to inhale. Fear anxiety and pain can increase the respiratory rate causing hyperventilation
the respiratory center is located here and it controls both inspiration and expiration the brainstem
responsible for the rhythmicity of breathing by emitting impulses which signal the diaphragm and other inspiratory muscles to contract the medulla oblongata
pneumotaxic area responsible for the rate of breathing, regulates the duration of each inspiratory burst The Pons
regulates the depth of breathing, stretch receptors send impulses via the vagus nerves onto the pneumotaxic area to shorten the inspiratory phase, prevents over inflation during forceful breathing inflation reflex
the medulla oblongata is sensitive to slight changes in these chemicals levels in cerebrospinal fluid, changes to these chemicals affect the rate and depth of breathing to expel or conserve the chemicals as needed CO2 and H+
composition of air inhaled into the alveoli 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% CO2
what percent of O2 is transported by hemoglobin? and what percent is dissolved in plasma. 97% hemo, 3% dissolved
factors determining how much O2 is released (liberated) from oxyhemoglobin Higher CO2 concentrations, the more acidic the blood, higher body temperature, the less active the cell the less O2.
CO2 is transported in what percentages and in what forms? 10% dissolved in plasma, 20% in carbaminohemoglobin, largest is 70% in bicarbonate ions
CO2 combines with H2O to form what? carbonic acid H2CO3
RBCs have _______ that speeds up the slow process (carbonic acid formation) in plasma Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonic acid breaks down into what H+ and a bicarbonate Ion HCO3-
When carbonic acid breaks where do the two molecules go? H+ combines with hemoglobin, and HCO3- diffuses into the plasma
as blood reaches the alveolar capillary bed the dissolved CO2 diffuses into the lung, and what does H+ and HCO3- do? they recombine in the RBC
H+ and HCO3- do what in the presence of carbonic anhydrase? theyre further reduced to H2O and CO2
has a ph less than 7.0 acid, acidic
negative charged ions anion
has a ph greater than 7.0 base, akaline
accepts and relinquishes H+ thereby minimizing changes in free H+ concentration. Buffer
positive charged ions cation
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
C3H6O3 Lactic Acid
Substance that dissolves in water and results in a solution that conducts an electric current electrolyte
Describe the electric charge symbols + or - indicates the substance is ionic in nature and has an imbalanced distribution of electrons. the result of chemical breakdown
HCO3 bicarbonate
H2CO3 cabonic acid
defined as balance homeostasis
H+ hydrogen
an atom or group of bonded atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons making them - or + charged Ion
describes the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion oxidation
stands for the power of H, or H+ ions acids or bases take or contribute in solution. It expresses the acid, base or neutralness of a solution pH
describes the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion reduction
these work to keep electrolyte concentrations in your blood constant despite changes in your body Kidneys
all cells especially nerve, heart and muscle use this to maintain voltages across their cell membranes, they carry electrical impulses across themselves and to other cells electrolytes
in human physiology the primary electrolytes are Sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) calcium (Ca2+) magnesium (Mg2+) chloride (Cl-) Phosphate (PO43-) hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-) Bicarbonate
electrolytes are lost this way, mainly sodium and potassium, and can be replaced with sports drinks sweat
how do most children lose electrolytes? and what substance replaces them? vomiting and diarrhea, pedialyte replaces the loss
why should sports drinks not be given to a sick child? higher sugar concentrations, sugar is not a proper treatment
Acid-base equilibrium is closely tied to fluid and electrolyte balance
what does a pH level of 7 mean? neutral solution
What is the range on the pH scale? 0-14
Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35-7.45
the body was designed to be ______ but becomes _______ through function akaline, acidic
life is compatible between what pH range? 6.8-8.0
Acidic body areas and their pH levels Urine 4.5-6, Colon 6.8, outer skin 5.2, stomach 2
Akaline areas of the body inner skin 7.35, pancreatic juics 7.5-8.8, small intestine 8
why is the stomach so acidic? to digest proteins
why is the skin acidic? to kill microbes before they enter the body
Aerobic (O2) metabolism of glucose results in carbonic acid, CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
What is another name for the citric acid cycle? Krebs cycle
what is the waste product of the krebs cycle? CO2 and H2O
Anaerobic (no O2) metabolism of glucose results in lactic acid (C3H6O3)
when the oxygen supply is fully utilized, additional energy is released by metabolizing glycogen to pyruvate and lactate
two main features of anaerobic exercise are glycogen depletion and lactic acidosis
this is converted in carbon dioxide for exhalation or its converted back into glucose by the liver Lactic acid
what organ removes excess levels of lactic acid? the kidneys
incomplete oxidation of fatty acids results in production of ketone bodies which are acidic causing hydrogen ion concentration to rise
oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur results in sulfuric acid
breakdown of proteins results in phosphoric acid
what do buffer systems do? and what are the 3 main systems? they prevent major changes in pH and act as sponges. Sodium Bicarbonate is a carbonic acid buffer Phosphate buffer and protein buffer
Buffers minimize changes in pH by converting strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases
the overall acid base balance of the body is maintained by controlling this in body fluids, especially extracellular fluid H+
Sodium bicarbonate buffer is the most important in the blood and its active in ECF and ICF (intra extra cell fluids)
Phosphate buffer is primarily for the kidneys and is active in ICF fluid
Protein buffer is the largest buffer store active in ECF and ICF (intra extra cell fluids)
the bodies major buffer is what two molecules? carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate
what would bathing alot do to the skins pH? make it more akaline
what will cran berry juice do to the urines pH? make it more acidic
what is the waste product of the krebs cycle CO2 and H20
the breakdown of proteins for energy produces what form of ions phosphoric acid
what is the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate 1 to 20
as CO2 increases what happens to carbonic acid, H+ and the pH? carbonic acid and H+ increase, and the pH drops becoming more acidic
as HCO3 increases what happens to H+ and the pH? H+ decreases and the pH rises becoming more akaline
CO2 concentrations are controlled by what organ? the lungs
HCO3 concentrations are controlled by what organ? the kidneys
How long does it take the lungs to respond CO2 levels seconds to minutes
how is CO2 concentrations measured? by PaCO2 (partial pressure) obtained through ABG
whats the normal CO2 concentrations? 35-45mm Hg
the kidneys control H+ and HCO3 retention and excretion, how long does it take to respond to changes? hours to days (48-72 hours)
what is the normal range of HCO3? 22-26 mEq/L
At what pH level is blood considered acidic 7.35 or below
at what pH level is blood considered akaline 7.45 or above
What is respiratory acidosis and what are some factors that cause it? excess CO2, secondary to COPD, emphysema, pneumonia, hypoventilation, pulmonary edema, inadequate mechanical ventilation
What are some symptoms of respiratory acidosis and how is it treated labored breathing, cyanosis, CNS depression, drowsiness, stupor, disorientation, treated with ventilation therapy, HCO3- IV
What is metabolic acidosis? decrease in HCO3- and suqsequent decreased pH, or an increase in metabolic acids
what are the symptoms and treatment for metabolic acidosis? rapid deep breathing, treated with NaHCO3 IV
What is respiratory akalosis and what are some factors that cause it? decrease in dissolved CO2 in the blood which increases blood pH, brought on by excess ventilation, hyperventilation, anxiety, fever, toxic effects of drugs
What are the symptoms and treatment for respiratory akalosis? lightheaded, agitation, nervousness, tingling, treat with rebreathed CO2, slow down respirations, and breath in a bag
What is metabolic akalosis and what are some causes? increase of HCO3- in blood, caused by loss of acid or accumulation of bases from vomiting, gastric lavage, diuretics, antacids
What are symptoms and treatment of metabolic akalosis? decreased rate and depth of breathing, irritability, weakness, decreased intestinal motility, treated with fluid therapy to replace Cl-, K+, and other electrolytes
What is a normal oxygen saturation 95-100%
When oxygen saturation is at this mark life threatening complications can develop 90%
When oxygen saturation is at this mark respiratory failure can develop 85%
the utilization of nutrients by living tissue and cells assimilation
the movement of nutrients into the circulatory system absorption
a mass of food and saliva that is ready to be swallowed a bolus
a semi fluid mixture of food and gastric juic chyme
the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of the resulting nutrients by cells digestion
the elimination of indigestible substances from the colo suach as a bowel movement defecation
the taking in of food into the mouth ingestion
the process of breaking food down into smaller pieces and mixing with digestive juices without altering the checmical composition mechanical digestion
the process of breaking food into simpler chemicals chemical digestion
the alimentary canal is how long from mouth to anus? 9 meters or 29 ft
name the two main groups of the digestive system the alimentary canal, accessory organs
What does the alimentary canal consist of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
what are the accessory organs in digestion salivary glands, teeth and tongue, liver, gallbaldder, pancreas
irregular shaped tube open at both ends and passes through the body's ventral cavity alimentary canal
What are the four layers of the alimentary canal? mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
what is the mucosa designed for in digestion? for absorption, secretion and protection
an interruption in the mucosa that allows gastric enzymes to come in contact with the underlying tissue cause necrosis, pain, and bleeding an ulcer
describe the mucosa of the espohagus tough, stratified, abrasion resistant epithelium
describe the mucosa of the digestive tract delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium designed for absorption and secretion
made up of loose connective tissue, glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves that nourish the surrounding tissues and carry away absorbed materials submucosa
What is the lymphatic structure called in digestion that deals with fat lacteals
a longitudinal and circular layer that produces movement within the tube muscularis
outer covering of the alimentary canal serous layer
provides moisture and lubrication so the organs within can slide freely serous fluid
rhythmical contractions of the smooth muscles in small segments of the tube mixing movements
mixing food and digestive juices gives you chyme
propelling movements, propels food through the alimentary canal towards the anus, muscle contractions subsequent rings peristalsis
receives food and begins mechanical digestion mouth
mainly skeletal muscle, moves food to the back of the oral cavity tongue
divided into hard and soft, forms the roof of the oral cavity, closes off nasal cavity and pharynx during swallowing to prevent choking palate
prevents any food or liquids from entering the nasal cavities above the mouth uvula
resposible for mechanical digestion teeth
what are the two sets of teeth, how many are in each, and when do they start to erupt? 20 decidous teeth 6 months, 32 permanent teeth 6 years
moistens food particles helps bind them together, begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates saliva
what can trigger salivation sight, smell, taste or though of food
what are the two types of secretory cells in salivary glands and what do they secrete? serous cells secrete amylase (chemical digestion), mucous cells secrete mucous (binds food, lubricant for swallowing)
what are the three pairs of major salivary glands? Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
largest of the salivary glands, lies inferior to each ear, secretes amylase Parotid
salivary gland lies on the floor of the mouth, secretes serous (amylase) withe some mucous submandibular
smallest of the salivary glands, lies inferior to the tongue, secretes mucous sublingual
connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus pharynx
the pharynx has three parts, name them nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
part of the pharynx thats located above the soft palate, passageway for air during breathing nasopharynx
part of the pharynx thats located behind the mouth it is a passageway for food moving downward and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity oropharynx
part of the pharynx that is the passageway to the esophagus laryngopharynx
straight collapsible tube, serves as a passageway for food, 25cm long esophagus
the esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called what? esophageal hiatus
what is the sphincter called that is at the junction of the esophagus and stomach? the esophageal or cardiac sphincter
whats the purpose of the esophageal sphincter? to prevent stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus
J shaped, pouch like organ about 25-30 cm long located under the diaphragm, can hold about 1 liter stomach
what are the three areas of the stomach and what do they do? fundus, temp storage. Body, main part. pyloric region, connects stomach to duodenum and controls emptying of chyme.
What is rugae? lining in the stomach to increase surface area and absorption
what does the stomach do? begins protein breakdown, forms chyme, absorbs small amounts of water, salts, lipid soluble drugs and alcohol
what does the rate of movement in the stomach depend on? fluidity of the chyme, and type of food present. liquids pass rapidly
how long do fatty food stay in the stomach? 3-6 hours
contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes, is constantly produced but the rate varies, seeing smelling or tasting food increases production gastric juices
what are the secretory cells in the stomach? and what do they do? Goblet, mucous for protection. Chief, digestive enzymes (pepsinogen+HCl3=pepsin breaks down protein). Parietal, secretes HCl3, intrinsic factor helps small intestine absorb vitamin B12.
The pancreas has what two functions? and what do they do? endocrine secretes insulin. Exocrine secretes digestive juice called pancreatic juice
What are the three muscles called that make up the muscularis? oblique, circular, and longitudinal
The head of this organ is in the C shaped curve of the duodenum the pancreas
this extends the length of the pancreas, connects with the duodenum the pancreatic duct
what is in the pancreas that neutralizes gastric juice when it enters the intestine. sodium bicarbonate (released in pancreatic juice)
This is loacted in the upper right and central regions of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphgram, extends from fifth intercostal space to lower margin of the ribs, enclosed in fibrous capsule and connective tissue The liver
Divided into two lobes, each lobe has its own hepatic duct The liver
Hepatic ducts merge to form the ________ common hepatic duct
What function does the liver serve in digestion? produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder and small intestine.
What does bile do and where is it stored? Stored in the gallbladder, responsible for emulsification of fat, enhances absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins ADEK. lack of bile results in poor lipid absorption and vitam deficiencies
pear shaped sac, located in a depression on the inferior surface of the liver the gallbladder
what joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct? the cystic duct
What is the main function of the gallbladder? stores bile
This stimulates the secretion of the hormore cholecystokinin or CCK from the mucosa of the duodenum fats in chyme
Cholecystokinin or CCK stimulates what? the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile through the cystic duct.
a tubular organ about 6 meters or 20 feet long. Completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme, absorbs various products of digestion the small intestine
what are the three regions of the small intestine? duodenum, jejunum, ileum
the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine, C shaped 25 cm long and 5 cm in diameter, the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the small intestines in this portion. the duodenum
proximal two fifths of the free, mobile portion of the small intestine jejunum
the remainder of the free, mobile portion of the small intestine, contains the ileocecal valve ileum
what is the double layered peritoneal membrane called that support the coils of the small intestine from the posterior abominal wall? mesentery
The mesentary containes these structures that supply the intestinal walls. blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
what are the fingerlike extensions that line the small intestine and what do they do? Villi, they increase the surface area
what structures would you find in a villus (singular for villi)? blood capillary, lymphatic vessel (lacteal), nerve fiber and microvilli
what stimulates or inhibits villus activites? the nerve fiber
how long does it take chyme to move through the small intestines? 3 to 10 hours
where does the small intestine end? at the ileocecal valve, cecum of the large intestine
1.5 meters or 5 feet long, absorbs water and electrolytes from the chyme, forms and stores feces large intestine
first part of the large intestine located in the RLQ. Cecum
narrowtube with a closed end, projects downward from the cecum, no known digestive function but does contain lymphatic tissue. vermiform appendix
begins at the cecum and travels upward to become the hepatic flexure ascending colon
longest and most mobile part of the large intestine, becomes the splenic flexure transverese colon
down the left side of the abdomen becomes the sigmoid colon descending colon
s shaped segment of the large intestine that terminates at the rectum sigmoid colon
serves as a temporary storage site for undigested material before defecation. rectum
the last 2,5 to 4 centimeters of the large intestine, proximal end attached to the rectum. anal canal
opening of the anal canal to the outside, guarded by two sphincter muscles. anus
what are the two sphincter muscles that guard the anus? and what type muscle is each made of? internal anal sphincter- smooth muscle (involuntary control), external anal sphincter- skeletal muscle (voluntary control)
What are some functions of the large intestine? absorption of water and electrolyes, little to no digestive function, over 100 trillion bacteria (intestinal flora).
what purpose does the bacteria of the large intestine serve? synthesize certain vitamins such as K, B12, thiamine and riboflavin, produce intestinal gas (flatus)
How often do peristaltic waves occur in the large intestine? and what conditions can produce more? 2-3 times per day, colitis or inflamed colon can initiate more.
can be initiated by holding a deep breath and contracting the abdominal wall muscles (bearing down). voluntarily inhibited by contracting the external anal sphincter defecation
these lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers for sound. paranasal sinuses
name the paranasal sinuses frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary (opens into nasal cavity)
What are some indications of NG tube insertion? order to aspirate stomach contents, assess GI bleeding, determine gastric acid content, to treat paralytic ileus, intestinal obstruction, recurrent vomiting likely, trauma, overdose
what are some contraindications of NG tube insertion? esophageal strictures, akali ingestion, caustic ingestions, esophageal burns, comatose patients, cervical or intracranial bleed, ICP, recent surgery on orophayngeal, nasal or gastric
opening surgically created in the colon to divert intestinal contents after lower portions of the bowel are surgically removed. colostomy
decreased frequency of bowel movement or hard dry feces constipation
frequent loose stools diarrhea
elimination of bowel waste defecation
instillation of solution into the rectum and sigmoid colon (usually to help with defecation) enema
stool; waste products eliminated through the colon feces
excessive gas flatulence
enlarged vein inside or outside of the rectum hemorrhoids
opening surgically created at the point of ileum to divert intestinal contents after lower portions of the bowel are surgically removed ileostomy
presence of fecal mass too large or hard to pass voluntarily impaction
surgically created artificial opening; opening into the intestine that diverts feces from its normal pathway ostomy
a mouth like opening; artificial opening into the intestine stoma
how long does it take food to be processed and shit out into a toilet bowl 18-72 hours
normal characterisitics of poop light to dark brown caused by bile, soft or formed, made of 70% undigested roughage and 30% dead bacteria
characteristics of abnormal poop blood, fresh is red, melena is dark, occult you cant tell unless tested; pale white stool is missing bile, hemorrhoids
nursing implications for normal bowel pattern do not postpone defecation, encourage high fiber and adequate fluid intake, exercise daily, coffee or warm water
medications that can cause constipation anesthetics, narcotics, diuretics, sedatives, antidepressants
caution patients to limit enema use due to defecation reflex may become dependent
abdominal distention can be described as rounder and tighter
normal bowel sounds are active occur once every 15 seconds (15-60), 4-32 bowel sounds a minute is the norm, bowel tone indicates motility/constipation
Created by: esjastad
Popular Nursing sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards