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68WM6-A&P 5

Question	Answer
chemical neurotransmitter of the PNS	acetylcholine
neuron that carries impulses toward the CNS from the PNS; sensory neuron	afferent neuron
loss of sensation	anesthesia
delicate, weblike membrane covering the brain	arachnoid mater
glial cells	astrocytes
nerve cell process that conducts impulses away from the cell body	axon
norepinephrine and epinephrine	catecholamines
fluid that fills the subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord and in the cerebral ventricles	cerebrospinal fluid
a network of brain capillaries that are involved with the production of cerebrospinal fluid	choroid plexus
a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the cell body; branching and tree-like	dendrite
skin surface area that is supplied by a single spinal nerve	dermatome
outermost layer of the meninges	dura mater
neuron that transmits impulses from the CNS to the PNS	efferent neuron
chemical in CNS that influiences pain perception; natural painkiller	endorphin
peptide chemical in CNS that acts as a natural painkiller	enkephalins
increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress	fight or flight response
a region of gray nervous tissue in the PNS; nicknamed a "junction box"	ganglia
a single unmyelinated neuron in the PNS; part of the "junction boxes" of the PNS	ganglion
supporting cells of nervous tissue	glia
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain"	hydrocephalus
nerves that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; central or connecting neurons	interneuron
a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response	limbic system
fluid containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord	meninges
one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord	microglia
transmits nerve impuldes from the brain and spinal cord to musclus and glandular epithlial tissues	motor neuron
lipid substance found in the sheath around some nerve fibers	myelin
nerve sheath	neurilemma
nerve cells, including its processes	neurons
chemicals by which neurons communicate	nerotransmitter
indentations found between adjacent schwann cells	nodes of ranvier
hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system; primary nerotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system	norepinephrine
a cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS	oligodendrocyte
part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions	parasympathetic nervous system
the vascular innermost covering of the brain and spinal cord	pia mater
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue	postganglionic neuron
a neuron situated distal to a synapse	postsynaptic neuron
autonomic neuron that conducts nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a gangion	preganglionic neuron
a neuron situated proximal to a synapse	presynaptic neuron
peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite	receptor
the simplest of nerve pathways; nerve impulsed pass through a synapse in the spinal cord which allows reaction before the impulse has traveled to the brain and back	reflex arc
a nerve impulse "jumps" from one node of ranvier to the next	saltatory conduction
large nucleated cell that forms myelin	schwann cell
neuron that transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body	sensory neuron
a neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines	serotonin
part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; the body's emergency response system	sympathetic nervous system
junction between adjacent neurons	synapse
the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron	synaptic cleft
a tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon that contains vesicles with neurotransmitters	synaptic knob
a single nerve pathway made up of several bundles of axons and extending throught the central nervous system	tract
the most numerous type of synapse	chemical synapse
synapses that occur primarily between smooth muscle cells where quick, uniform enervation is essential; also located in cardiac muscle	electrical synapse
the exterior surface of the cerebrum	cerebral cortex
the place where most high-level brain functions take place	cerebrum
this lobe of the cerebrum plays are parte in impulse control, judgment, language, working memory, motor function, sexual behavior, socialization, spontaneity, and planning cooridinatin, controlling, and executing behavior	frontal lobe
this lobe of the cerebram plays and important part in integrating sensory information, knowledge and relationships of numbers, manipulation of objects, and spatial processing.	parietal lobe
this lobe contains the centers for hearing, taste, smell, and interprets sounds as words	temporal lobe
this lobe processis fisual information	occipital lobe
located at the lower back of the brain beneat the occipital lobes; coordinates body movements	cerebellum
two rounded masses of gray tissue in the middle of the brain between the cerebral hemispheres; the relay station for incoming sensory signals and outgoing motor signals	thalamus
beneath the thalamus; controls eating drinking, temperature regulation, sleep, emotional behavior, and sexual activity	hypothalamus
the most primitive part of the brain controlling basic functions of life such as breathing and blood pressure	brain stem
three parts of the brain stem	midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
the top structure of the brain stem, contains the relay and reflex centers for visual and auditory functions; also for pain, temperature, and touch	midbrain
large bundles of nerve fibers connecting the two halves of the cerebellum, man relay station between cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata	pons
the stalk-like lowermost portion of the brain stem, transitions into the spinal cord at the foramen magnum	medulla oblongata
the two main pathways of the perhipheral nervous system	sensory (afferent), motor (efferent)
the two divisions of the PNS	somatic, autonomic
this division of the PNS oversees conscious activity	somatic
this division of the PNS oversees unconcious activity	autonomic
two subsystems of the autonomic nervous system	sympathetic, parasympathetic
the sympathatic and parasympathetic systems are ________ to each other	antagonistic
complete or partial loss of sense of smell	anosmia
absence of an eye	anopia
thin, watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris	aqueous humor
inflammation of the eyelid margins	blepharitis
middle, vascular layer of the eye	choroid
coiled tube in the inner ear	cochlea
inflammation of the conjunctiva	conjunctivitis
the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber	cornea
a nerve that arises from the underside of the brain or the brainstem	cranial nerve
double vision	diplopia
the period after stimulation of a nerve during which it cannot be stimulated again	refractory period
a nerve impulse travels the full length of an unmyelinated nerve fiber, this type of conduction is	continuous conduction
nerve agents bind with __________, preventing it from performing its function of deactivating _____________	acetlycholinasterase, acetycholine
blindness in one half of the visual field	hemianopia
colored muscular part of the eye	iris
complex system of connecting chambers and tubes of the inner ear	labyrinth
tear gland	lacrimal cland
tough outer protective layer of the eye	sclera
consists of the cranial and spinal nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles	somatic nervous system
senses that stem from receptors associated with specialized sensory organs	special senses
another name for the "eardrum"	tympanic membrane
clear jellylike substance within the eye	vitreous humor
this cranial nerver carries sense of smell	I (olfactory)
this cranial nerve carries visual signals from the eye to the brain	II (optic)
this cranial nerve raises the eyelid, moves the eye, and constricts the pupil	III (oculomotor)
this cranial nerve moves the eye downward and away from the midline	IV (trochlear)
this cranial nerve carries sensation from parts of the face and eye and moves muscles of mastication	V (trigeminal)
this cranial nerve moves the eye away from the midline	VI (abducens)
how many symmetrically arranged pairs of spinal nerves?	31
the area between the vertebrae and the dura mater	epidural space
this cranial nervestimulates muscles of facial expression and carries taste sensation from the tongue	VII (facial)
this cranial nerve carries sensory information for hearing and equilibrium	VIII (vestibulocochlear)
this cranial nerve is responsible for the gag reflex and action of swallowing	IX (glossopharyngeal)
this cranial nerve is responsible for swallowing and speech, and for control of smooth muscles and glands in the thorax and abdomen	X (vagus)
this cranial nerve is responsible for the motion of shrugging	XI (spinal accessory nerve)
this cranial nerve controls muscles that move the tongue	XII(hypoglossal)
organs of taste	taste buds
organs of smell	olfactory organs
four primary taste sensations	sweet, sour, salty, bitter
the predominant taste sensed by the tip of the tongue	sweet
the predominant taste sensed by the margins of the tongue	sour
the predominant taste sensed by the back of the tongue	bitter
these taste receptors are widely distributed over the tongue	salty
yellow brown masses of epithelium located in the upper parts of the nasal cavity	olfactory organs
the area for the interpretation of smell	olfactory cortex
the area for the interpretation of taste, and what lobe it is located in	gustatory cortex, parietal lobe
this part of the ear collects sound waves created by vibrating objects	external ear
outer funnel like structure of the ear that gathers the sound waved and directs the waves throught the external auditory canal to the ear drum	auricle (pinna)
S shaped tube that leads inward to the temporal bone	external auditory meatus
where the middle ear begins and and ends	tympanic membrane, oval window
the organ of hearing and where it is located	organ of corti, cochlea
this is responsible for static equilibrium	vestibule
this is responsible for dynamic equilibrium	semicircular canals
the watery, replacable fluid of the eye	aqueous humor
the jelly-like, irreplacable fluid of the eye	vitreus humor
the "window" of the eye	cornea
the white portion of the eye	sclera
the colored portion of the eye	iris
the opening of the iris through which light passes	pupil
flexible, transparent structure that lies directly behind the iris	lens
very sensitive to light, allow you to see in dim light, but only general outlines and no color	rods
not as sensitive to light, detect color and provide sharpness and clearness to images	cones
this vitamin plays and important part in mantaining night vision	vitamin A
hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex	corticoids
dwarfism caused by hypo-secretion of the thyroid gland	cretinism
a condiation caused by the hyper-secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex	cushing's syndrome
a condition resulting from hypo-secretion of ADH where large volumes of hurine are formed	diabetes insipidus
the pancreatic islet cells secrete too little insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia	diabetes mellitus
secretes into a duct	exocrine
secretes into blood or tissue; ductless	endocrine
an abnormal protrusion of the eyes	exophthalmos
a condition produced by hyper-secretion of GH during the early years of life	gigantism
hormones that influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism secreted by the adrenal cortex	glucocorticoids
the formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compounds	glucogenesis
an enlargement of the thyroid gland	goiter
excess growth of hair	hirsutism
substances secreted by and endocrine gland and transported in the blood	hormones
hormones that influence mineral salt metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex	mineralocorticoids
condition caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults	myxedema
set of glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland	parathyroid
a group of naturally-occuring fatty acids that affect many bodily functions	prostaglandins
organs or cells acted upon by a particular hormone	target cells
the masculinization of a female	virilism
chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects the function of a target cell	hormone
the main regulators of homeostasis in the body	hormones
the two classes of hormones	nonsteroid, steroid
these hormones have receptor sites on the cell membrane and utilize the second messenger system	nonsteroid
these hormones have cell receptor sites on the nucleus of the target cell	steroid
most hormones are regulated by __________ feedback	negative
biochemical substances that act locally on cells withing a tissue	prostaglandins
the secretions of the pituitary gland are regulated by the _________	hypothalamus
two hormones produced by the posterior pituitary	oxytocin, antidiuretic
six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary	TSH, ACTH, PRL, growth hormone, LH, FSH
Four P's of diabetes	Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Poor weight
the secretions of the anterior pituitary are controlled by __________ from the hypothalamus	hormones
the secretions of the posterior pituitary are controlled by ___________ from the hypothalamus	nerve responses
this hormone of the anterior pituitary controls the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, and is stimulated by TRH from the hypothalamus	TSH
this secretion of the anterior pituitary controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex, and is stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus	ACTH
these two secretions of the anterior pituitary are gonadotropins affecting the male and female gonads	FSH and LH
this secretion of the anterior pituitary stimulates body cells to grow and replicate	GH
this secretion of the anterior pituitary promotes the production of milk following childbirth	PRL
this secretion of the posterior pituitary causes the kidneys to conserve water, and is regulated by the amount of water in the fluids as detected by the hypothalamus	ADH
this secretion of the posterior pituitary stimulates the contraction of the uterus, and stimulates the release of milk into the breast ducts	Oxytocin
ADH and Oxytocin are made in this organ of the endocrine system	hypothalamus
the three secretions of the thyroid gland	T3, T4, Calcitonin
this secretion of the thyroid decreases blood calcium levels	Calcitonin
these secretions of the thyroid gland work together to regulate energy metabolism	T3, T4
these glands are found behind the thyroid	parathyroid
_________ is the antagonist of calcitonin, and is secreted by the _________ gland	PTH, parathyroid
the two parts of the adrenal glands	cortex, medulla
this glucocorticoid influences metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat, and is secreted as a response to stress	cortisol
this mineralcorticoid causes the kidneys to conserve Na+, and therefore water	aldosterone
these two secretions of the adrenal medulla are released as part of the "fight or flight" response	epinephrine, norepinephrine
the endocrine portions of the pancreas	islets of langerhans
these cells of the islets of langerhans secrete glucagon	alpha cells
these cells of the islets of langerhans secrete insulin	beta cells
this secretion of the pancreas causes blood sugar to rise	glugagon
this secretion of the pancreas causes blood sugar to lower	insulin
the two hormones secreted by the ovaries	estrogen, progesterone
the hormone secreted by the testes	testosterone
this temporary gland produces estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin during pregnancy	placenta
this secretion of the thymus plays an important role in the maturation of T lymphocytes	thymosin
this gland is sometime referred to as the "third eye" because it responds to changing light levels to regulate sleep patterns	pineal
this secretion of the pineal gland helps to regulate the body's clock	melatonin
the four mechanisms of endocrine disorders	tumors, glandular hypo/hyper secretion, damaged target cell receptors, target cell insensitivity
another name for hyperthyroidism	graves's disease
enlarged thyroid gland	goiter
stunted growth as a result of hypoactive thyroid	cretinism
large size due to hypersecretion of GH during early years	gigantism
small size due to hyposecretion of GH during early years	dwarfism
enlarged hands, feet, jaws, and cheeks as a result of hypersecretion of GH after normal growth years	acromegaly
altered carbohydrate and protein metabolism, along with high levels of Na+ as a result of hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones	cushing's syndrome
decreased blood Na+, high K+, dehydration, low glucose, low BP, and increased skin pigmentation as a result of hyposecretion of adrenal corical hormones	addison's disease
insulin dependent diabetes is also called	type 1
non-insulin dependent diabetes is also called	type 2
this type of diabetes mellitus is caused by destruction of beta cells, usually as a result of and autoimmune response	type 1
this type of diabetes mellitus is caused by either decreased insulin production, or by a failure of body cells to recognize the insulin produced	type 2
this disease is caused by a halt in production of ADH, and can cause a person to urinate up to 25 liters per day	diabetes insipidus

Created by: ewoff85

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