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Pages 180-189
Growth & development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Development | Begins at conception and ends with death |
| What is the study of the life span? | It is how a person changes over time as well as how they remain the same |
| Growth | Refers to an increase in size of the whole or its part |
| Development (as in Growth & Development) | refers to function or the gradual process of change and differentiation from simple to complex |
| Cephalocaudal | G & D that proceeds from HEAD toward the FEET or head to toe. Gains control of head first, then arms, then feet. Control of arms always comes first before control of feet. |
| Proximodistal | Growth and development that proceed form the center toward the outside. Means the spinal cord develops before the outer body parts. The child's arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes |
| Teratogen | any substance or agent that interferes w/the normal prenatal development. If Mom is drinking, illegal or legal drugs, viruses, cigarette smoke and OTC drugs could have an effect on the neonate or zygote. |
| What is a chromosome? | It is the blueprint for all inherited traits. |
| At what point is an individual given it's own defining characteristics? | At CONCEPTION their height, skin hair and eye color are determined. |
| How are growth patterns controlled? | They are genetically controlled. |
| How many pairs of chromosomes does a zygote contain? | 23 pairs for a total of 46. 1/2 from Mom and 1/2 from Dad. |
| What defines the basic family unit of society? | No. They are composed of 2 or more poeple who are united by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds and/or social roles. |
| What characteristic does the ovum carry? | The X chromosome. The sperm carries either an X or a Y. 2 X's = girl, 1 X + 1Y = boy |
| What are some of the changes taking place in American families today? | Economic, more women in the workforce, feminist movement, effective birth control, legalized abortion, postponement of marriage and children, increase in divorce rate |
| What are 5 basic functions inherent to the family unit? | Protection, nurturance, education, sustenance socialization |
| What are 3 things guaranteed to each family member? | Unconditional affection Acceptance Companionship |
| Who is the first socializing agent for teaching children societies expectations? | The family |
| Who is responsible for instilling morals? | The family |
| Describe an Autocratic Family Pattern | Unequal balance. One person has the say. Other family members rarely interrupt or challenge the authority figure. Ex: Domestic violence. Strict, rigid rules |
| Patriarchal Family Pattern? | The father is in control. This could be a single father. Father assumes the dominate role. |
| Matriarchal | The mother is in control |
| Engagement or Commitment stage of family development | This is where 2 people say we are going to unite. They acknowledge that they are considering marriage. |
| Establishment stage | Going from wedding to birth. |
| Success at marriage satisfies Erikson's task? | During young adulthood 20-44. INTIMACY VS ISOLATION |
| Expectant Stage | Begins with conception and continues through pregnancy. This could be where an abuser takes out aggression (on the baby) |
| Parenthood stage | Begins at birth or adoption of first child. |
| What is a possible problem during parenthood stage? | Less free time, sleep, togetherness. Also stress of parenting and self doubt |
| Disengagement of parenthood | When kids leave the house. |
| What are some possible complications during disengagement period? | Parents need to redefine personal roles. Need a sense of usefulness, accomplishment and self-fulfillment |
| Senescence Stage | Late stage of life cycle. LARGE CHANGES here. |
| What are some of the changes during Senescence Stage? | Need naps. Aches and pains. Skin gets old and wrinkled. |
| What are some signs of childhood stress? | Chronic illness, divorce, stress,abuse, working moms |
| How will a child attempt to get attention whether negative or positive? | A child will act out badly sometimes just to get attention. If it's the only time a parent will pay attention, they will do it if only to have the parent acknowledge them. |
| What are some other common signs of stress in children? | Thumb-sucking Bed-wetting (regression) Clingy s/a, h/a, somatic complaints eating or sleeping changes mood swings acting out |
| When parents get divorced, what is it children do? | Blame themselves. |
| How do you describe abuse? | Physical, emotional, financial, verbal, sexual or neglect. |
| What are some factors leading to abuse? | Financial strain, social isolation, low self-esteem and previous history of abuse. |
| What are some common characteristics of parents who abuse their children? | They were abused themselves Loners Harsh & strict Unreasonable expectations Immature lack self control Have low self esteem |
| What are 4 things a parent should do when going through a divorce? | Encourage child to express feelings Don't use kids as "go betweens" Never speak neatively about the ex spouse Seek professional help if children need more support |
| What does an infants weight do by the end of one year? | It triples |
| How much does an infant gain from birth to 5 mos? | 1.5 lbs per month |
| By 4-5 months? | It doubles |
| What 3 functions are needed for speech functioning? | 1. respiratory system 2. speech control centers in the cerebral cortex 3. the articulation and resonance structins of the mouth and nasal cavities. |
| The acquisition of language requires? | 1. Intact auditory apparatus 2. Intelligence 3. the need to communicate 4. stimulation |
| Does the rate of speech development vary from child to child? | Yes |
| Who has the same combination of chromosomes? | Identical twins |
| How are growth patterns controlled? | Genetically |
| What other factors are important involving growth patterns? | Nutrition, heredity & environment |
| Infants communicate by...? | babbling and they cry by telling you something is wrong. |
| What do babies do to tell you their ear hurts? | They cry & pull on their ear. Do they have an infection? Do they have a fever? |
| Vital signs in infants | Apical: 120 bpm in 2 month old Respiration: 12 mos 30 BP will INCREASE to 90/60 Newborn heart rate: 160 |
| What about body temperature in infants? | Wide variety due to related activity levels and state of health. |
| Does the apical rate slow down or increase in infancy? | Slows down |
| Do babies have a slow or fast hearbeat? | Fast! |
| What does a 2 month old do? | Holds its head up |
| At 4 months? | Holds head up steadily at 90 degree angle. They get a little more steady |
| 6 months? | balances head |
| 7 months | Sits up w/o support and crawls |
| 9 months? | Creeps |
| 8-15 months? | Standing w/support and walking |
| How does growth proceed? | cephalocaudal and proximodistal sequence |
| Describe cephalocaudal | Growth from head to toe. The child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and then the legs |
| Proximodistal? | Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. The child's arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes. |
| When does teething begin? | 5-6 months |
| What are signs of teething? | irritable, edematous red gums, drooling, change in stools |
| When do these signs begin? | 3-4 weeks before appearance of the tooth |
| What can you do to relieve their pain? | Frozen ring things, or finger toothbrushes |
| When can dental decay begin? | Any time fter tooth development |
| What does oral hygiene consist of? | Offering sips of clear water and wiping and massaging gums |
| What if there is no fluoridated water? | Recommend the use of fluoride toothpaste |
| What can you do to prevent bottle mouth syndrome? | Only water in bottle at night. |
| What destroys tooth enamel? | Sugar in milk, formula or juice |
| What can lead to aspiration in a child? | By propping up a bottle and leaving it. |
| What is a better way to feed a child? | To promote bonding, hold the baby. |
| What are some of the factors leading to love and security in a infant? | Warmth, comfort, bonding while holding. |
| What is Erikson's theory from birth to 1 year? | Trust vs mistrust |
| What happens when this theory is not fulfilled? | It leads to dissatisfaction and mistrust. |
| Who describes the infant as being in the SENSORIMOTOR STAGE? | Piaget |
| What is the sensorimotor stage? | They learn by exploring. Putting everything in their mouth and by motor activities |
| Schema | How infants learn by encountering and responding from stimulus in the environment |
| What is the rate of speech development in children? | it varies. Is DIRECTLY r/t neurologic competence and intellectual development |
| Why is it some women prefer not to breastfeed? | They have not had adequate PATIENT EDUCATION |
| What is the best nourishment for an infant? | Breast milk |
| Why? | Intellect has been proven to be higher in those that were breastfed. |
| What should a baby be fed for the first 4-6 months of age? | Breast milk or formula |
| Should babies be fed on a schedule? | No. when they are hungry. |
| How often would this be? | Every 2 hours. |
| When a baby has stopped or slowed sucking what is this an indication of? | Either by breast or bottle, it means the baby has had enough. |
| Breastfeeding is hard work for the baby and the mom, but how do you know if they baby has adequate nutrition? | By weighing the infant. |
| What are some signs of underfeeding? | Lack of satisfaction, cranky, fussy, little weight gain and persistent wrinkling of the skin. |
| What are signs of overfeeding? | Vomiting after feeding, watery stools. |
| How long is iron stored in a baby? | 5-6 months |
| How do you resupply their iron source? | Iron supplements (via formula) or food sources. |
| It is best avoid certain foods in the first _____ months of life | 6 |
| What are these foods to avoid? | Citrus fruits, egg whites and wheat flour |
| Why are these foods avoided? | Possible allergy issues |
| How do you introduce solid food to an infant? | One new food at a time |
| How long can you wait to feed the baby a new solid food? | Wait several days to see if there is any kind of allergy |
| What solid food should the child be introduced to first? | Cereal |
| What are the other 3 food types and in what order? | Fruits, vegetables and meats last. So its cereal, fruit, vegetables and meat. |
| Why should you not mix foods for an infant? | If you allow one food at a time the infant can develop an interest in different foods and taste. If you mix them all together, it can't tell what it likes and doesn't. |
| Why should you never leave an infant alone while eating? | They can choke easily on certain foods |
| What are the certain foods that babies can choke on easily? | Round, hard foods like popcorn, grapes, raisins, hot dogs and chicken nuggets |
| When are eating habits largely established? | In toddler years |
| Should only the baby be fed nutritional food? | No. The whole family should be included in eating fruits, vegetables, lean meats and whole grains |
| What places a baby at risk during warmer weather? | Febrile (fever) conditions, prolonged vomiting and diarrhea place the baby at higher risk for dehydration because of their small fluid volume. |
| How can you counter balance this dehydration in warmer weather? | Ensure adequate breast milk or formula. |
| Do infants require additional fluids during the first 4 mos of life? | No. Especially water or juice. |
| What happens if a baby does receive too much water or juice in the first 4 mos? | They can develop water intoxication, failure to thrive and hyponatremia (not enough salt) |
| When do most babies master eating mashed or junior foods? | 8 or 9 mos. |
| What is another good way for a baby to explore their new foods? | By giving them finger foods. |
| When can a sippy cup be introduced? | 9 mos. |
| When you wean a baby into a training cup, what else should you do? | Wean the baby from a bottle. |
| How can you begin to wean from bottle to training cup? | By substituting the cup for a bottle. |
| When is a good time to substitute? | At lunchtime |
| Can you do it abruptly | No. Gradually. |
| How often do infants and newborns sleep? | 18 hours out of 24 |
| Do they sleep at long intervals during these 18 hours? | No. They are short, naplike periods |
| Is it unusual for a baby to make noises while they sleep? | No. They are restless and make little noises. |
| When do sleep, nap and wake patterns emerge in the infant? | Toward the end of the 3rd month |
| What enables the child to form these sleep patterns? | It is dependent on the parent to establish them. |
| By the end of the first year, children sleep for? | 12 hours and one nap during the day |
| What would persistent crying during normal sleep/nap time indicate? | Discomfort or illness. |
| What is SIDS? | Produces sudden, abrupt death with no warning signs. It peaks around 2-3 months. |
| How can you reduce the incident of SIDS? | Put on back to sleep No cigarette smoke Dont use soft bedding or pillows keep room ventilated Breastfeed if possible Regular medical checkups |
| Why is play important? | It is important for learning |
| Play that captures the pleasures of using the senses and motor abilities is called? | Sensorimotor PLAY |
| Why is music important to a child? | It soothes or stimulates awareness of sounds and rhythms. |
| What is play style during infancy called? | SOLITARY play. They play alone and don't interact. |
| What do young infants need when they are learning to play? | Lots of room to stretch and kick. |
| How can injury be avoided in the early stage of this development? | Do not push children to sit or walk before adequate muscles strength is achieved. |
| What is the leading cause of death and injury in infants and young children? | Teach about pool safety. WATCH your child. Pulling on cord for the shades, plugging things into a socket. Balloons. |
| What are some of the developmental tasks to look for in infants to 1 year? | Trust vs mistrust recognizes primary caregiver develops attachment behavior Develops independent living skills: self feeding, walking, undressing, communication of needs |
| Toddler: 1-3 years. Is the rate of toddler's slower or faster than in infancy? | Slower, but follows the same general principles. Orderly. Proceeds from head to foot, from center outward and from general to specific movements |
| What is one of the most striking changes from infancy to toddlers? | Upright stance |
| When is their chubby appearance gone? | 12-15 months. |
| What is the toddler's body proportion like? | Looks top heavy. Big headed. Alien like. |
| What gives the toddler that potbelly? | exaggerated lumbar lordosis and protruding abdomen! |
| At what age are all decidious teeth present? | 2.5 years. Dental exams & toothbrushing should start |
| What are the toddler's vital signs like? | Pulse from 90-120. BP 80-100/64. Resp. 20-30, temp 98-99. |
| Gross motor skills like walking and climbing stairs starts at ____years? | 2 |
| Hopping begins at what year? | 3 |
| Fine motor skills start at ___ year like scribbling. | 2 years |
| Copying a circle begins at ____year? | 3 years |
| Children reach the age to start potting training at ____months of age. | 18-24 |
| What do children need to achieve before they can start to potty train? | Neuromuscular control, maturity, cognitive ability what is expected of them and language skills to express their needs. |
| What is achieved first? Bowel or bladder? | Bowel. Bladder is done at same time, but takes longer to master |
| Which is achieved first? Nighttime control or daytime control? | Daytime control |
| What do you do in order to not make a child feel badly about potty accidents? | Deemphasize accidents. Don't make the child feel inadequate. Think SUCCESS & PRAISE. |
| What will develop if the child is punished or made to look foolish? | A sense of shame |
| What are the negative repercussions of a toddler left in a diaper? | A sense of doubt will be fostered. Shame and doubt are not healthy personalities. |
| What is a toddler's behavior like at this stage? | Can be cuddly and loving or biting, hitting and horrible. |
| The toddler is trying to be independent, but yet when frightened runs to the caregiver for...? | protection, security, reassurance and approval |
| How does Erikson describe the toddler phase (1-3 year olds) | Autonomy vs shame and doubt |
| What is the outcome of Autonomy vs shame and doubt? | Children learn either to be self-sufficient in many activities, including toileting, feeding, walking and talk, or to doubt their own abilities. |
| Basic trust vs mistrust (birth -1 year) what is the outcome? | Infants learn either to trust or to not trust that significant others will properly care for their basic needs, including nourishment, sucking, warmth, cleanliness and physical contact. |
| What is another word for Erikson's Autonomy vs shame and doubt? | Autonomy = Self control |
| How does the toddler begin to express his independence? | NO! |
| What are self-consoling behaviors at the toddler stage? | enjoy the same story, same routine, same foods. Rituals decrease their anxiety. |
| Temper tantrums are an indication of...? | Frustration. |
| What do you do when a toddler has a temper tantrum? | Ignore it unless the child or others are in danger of harm. *SAFETY* |
| When do you NOT offer the toddler a choice? | going to bed, holding hands to cross a street (SAFETY) or letting go of another child's hair. |
| What is a necessary means of teaching limit setting and impulse control in the toddler? | DISIPLINE |
| What are some discipline rules? | *consistency: apply rules uniformly *follow through: say and do what you mean. *positive modeling *promptness *trust *prevention: remove temptation *reinforcement: offer positive for good behavior |
| At what age does the sensorimotor development end? | 12-24 mos. |
| What is the preoperational thought stage? | Early childhood |
| Define preoperational thought stage | When the child focuses on the use of language as a tool to meet needs, the child has the emerging ability to think mentally rather than strictly by sensory skills. |
| The toddler's concept of time is limited to the_____ | Present |
| What is a good way to expand the toddler's vocabulary? | By reading. Also enhances child-caregiver bond. |
| Do toddler's sleep as much as infants? | No. Toddler's sleep about 12 hours, plus a nap |
| How much milk should a toddler drink per day? | 24 ounces. |
| Why should the toddler be encouraged to eat and not just drink during meal time? | Because too few solid foods equates to iron deficiency. |
| Do toddlers need less food per unit of body weight than they did during infancy? | Yes. |
| What is the general guideline for a serving size for a toddler? | 1 tablespoon of each solid food for each year of age. |
| Should a parent be overly concerned if their toddler is ill for a brief period and not eating? | No. The parent should not be overly concerned. Anorexia is usually not serious for a short period. |
| What are two important factors needed for toddler optimal wellness? | Adequate rest and sleep. |
| What are some ways to promoting healthy sleeping patterns? | Limit stimulation, story time, reassurance, night light. expect setback if child has been ill |
| How does play help the toddler? | It improves muscle coordination, balance and muscle strength. |
| How is a toddler's play style described? | Parallel Play. They play along side, but not with their peers. They do not interact. |
| What is a good way to help the shy or reluctant child to participate and try new activities? | Join a play group |
| What is the reason for half of all childhood deaths in the toddler stage? | Motor vehicle accidents. |
| How can childhood accident be prevented at home? | EDUCATION and supervision |
| What are some of the developmental tasks for the toddler? | Recognizes self as a separate person. Expresses owns ideas and needs. Feeding, dressing, toileting. Self control skills. Communication skills |
| What is one of the important physical developments of the 3-5 year olds? Pre-schoolers | Changes in size and shape. Maturation of the nervous system and motor skills |
| Is growth fast and furious like infants or does it slow down? | Slow, but steady. |
| What are some of the physical changes in the preschooler? | Lose their pot belly. Body grows slimmer and stronger. Less top heavy |
| Because of these physical changes, what is the preschool capable of? | Gross motor skills develop: running, climbing, jumping and throwing improve |
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