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APES Test 8
Populations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| this studies the dynamic of species' populations and how these populations interact with the environment | population ecology |
| this allows ecologists to predict the long-term probability of a species persisting in a given habitat | population viability analysis (PVA) |
| the advantages of living in groups | increased protection from predators, increased chances for mating, and division of labor |
| this refers to the number of organisms that can be supported in a given area sustainably | carrying capacity |
| factors that keep population sizes in balance with the carrying capacity are called this | regulating factors |
| name examples of regulating factors | food availability, space, oxygen content in aquatic ecosystems, nutrient levels in soil profiles, and amount of sunlight |
| this is the maximum rate at which a population can grow | biotic potential |
| factors that influence biotic potential include | age at reproduction, frequency of reproduction, number of offspring produced, reproductive life span, and average death rate under ideal conditions |
| when a population in a community is left unchecked, the maximum population growth rate can increase exponentially forming this curve | J-shaped curve |
| this shaped curve is used to describe the pattern of growth over extended period of time when organisms move into an empty niche | S-shaped curve |
| growth rates are ______ - dependant | density |
| this shaped curve shows population size increase initially but as resources become limited the population growth rate slows down and stabilizes around the limits of the carrying capacity | S-shaped curve |
| species that have high reproductive rates | r-strategists |
| species that reproduce later in life and with fewer offspring | k-strategist |
| characteristics of r-strategist | mature rapidly, short lived, tend to be prey, many offspring (overproduce), low parental care, generally not endangered, tend to be small |
| characteristics of k-strategists | mature slowly, long lived, tend to be both predator and prey, have few offspring, high parental care, most are endangered species, tend to be larger |
| this curve shows age distribution characteristics of species, reproductive strategies, and life history | survivorship curves |
| this is measured by how many organisms are able to mature and reproduce | reproductive success |
| what are the three survivorship curves? | I Late Loss; II Constant Loss; III Early Loss |
| this survivorship curve has reproduction occurs fairly early in life; low mortality at birth; high probability of surviving to advanced age; longer life spans; humans, sheep, elephants | I Late Loss curve |
| this survivorship curve has individuals of all age categories have fairly uniform death rates; predation affects all age categories; typical of organisms that reach adult stages quickly; rodents and songbirds | II Constant Loss |
| this survivorship curve is typical of speices that have great numbers of offspring and reproduce for most of their lives; death is prevalent for younger members of species and declines with age; sea turtles, trees, fish, oysters | III Early Loss curve |
| different factors that affect the human population | historical population sizes, population distribution, fertility rates, growth rates, doubling times, and demographic transition |
| what has the rapid growth in the world's human population been due to? | a decrease in death rates |
| several factors that have reduced death rates | increased food and better distribution causing better nutrients; improved medical and health; improved sanitation and personal hygiene; safer water supplies |
| surges in population are attributed to three factors | use of tools and fire; agricultural revolution where humans stopped being hunter-gatherers and raised crops; industrial and medical revolution withing last 200 years |
| how do you calculate population change? | add crude birth rate and immigration then subtract from the sum of crude death rate and emigration |
| where will most of the population growth occur? | less-developed countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America |
| this worldview is viewing underdeveloped lands as a hostile wilderness to be cleared and planted, then exploited for its resources as quickly possible | frontier worldview |
| this worldview is beliefs that as the planet's most important species, we are in charge of Earth; our success depends on how well we manage Earth's life-support system mostly for our own benefit; we will not run out of resources | planetary management |
| this worldview is beliefs that nature exists for all Earth's species and we are not in charge of the Earth; resources are limited and should not be wasted; our success depends on learning how Earth sustains itself and integrating such lessons from nature | Earth wisdom |
| this is the level of fertility at which a couple hs only enough children to replace themselves, or about 2 children per couple | Replacement level fertility (RLF) |
| this is the average number of children that each woman will have during her lifetime | total fertility rate (TFR) |
| declines in fertility can be attributed to these factors | urbanization results in higher cost of living and less need for children to work land; greater acceptance of contraceptives and abortion; number of females in workforce and education are increasing; postpone marriage until careers are steady |
| two main affects of Total Fertility Rates less than 2.1 | population decline and population aging |
| this is a rule of thumb that roughly explains the time periods involved in exponential growth at a constant rate | Rule of 70 |
| how do you find the doubling time of a quantity growing at a given annual percentage rate? | divide the percentage number into 70 to obtain the approximate number of years required to double |
| how do you find the annual growth rate given the doubling time? | you divide 70 by the doubling time |
| this is the name given to the process that has occurred during the past century | demographic transition |
| the four separate stages of the demographic transition | preindustrial, transition, industrial, and postindustrial |
| in this demographic transition stage, living conditions are sever, medical care is poor, and food supply is limited due to poor agricultural techniques; birth rates are high with high mortality rates | pre-industrial stage |
| this stage in demographic transition has standards of hygiene, advances in medical care, improved sanitation, cleaner water supplies, higher levels of education; upward trend in population size | transitional stage |
| this stage in demographic transition has urbanization that decreases the economic incentive for large families; parents are discouraged to have large families; birth rates decrease and obtaining food is not a major focus each day; | industrial stage |
| this stage of demographic transition are when birth rates equal mortality rates with no population growth; standard of living is higher; birth and death rates are relatively low | post-industrial stage |
| this is a good indicator of future trends in population growth | age-structure diagrams |
| in Mexico. large family size is due to the following | necessity for farm labor, need to support parents when they no longer work, need to increase family income, and cultural and religious beliefs |
| strategies for sustainability | provide economic incentives for fewer children; empower and educate women; education leads to higher income and less need for more children; provide government family planning services; improve prenatal and infant health care;increase economic development |
| what are three areas of great malnutrition | Africa, Asia, and Latin America |
| what factors contribute to malnutrition | poverty, droughts, populations surpassed carrying capacity, political instability and wars, pestilence, and foreign investors who own large landholdings and sole motivation is profit |
| this type of motive results in removing food from countries that grow it and sending food to other countries that are able to pay higher prices | profit motives |
| what is the issue of malnutrition? | too many people cannot afford food or food is not distributed efficiently |
| what are the three methods used to estimate the effects of humans on patters of resource utilization | measure net primary productivity; estimate how much impact humans have had on Earth; examine finite resources and from that draw conclusions on increasing productivity |
| this is the total amount of solar energy converted into biochemical energy through photosynthesis minus the energy needed by those plants for their own metabolic requirements | Net primary productivity (NPP) |
| factors that affect resource utilization | carrying capacity, energy resources, environmental degradation, exploitation of natural resources, extinction of animal and plant species, famine, political unrest, population density and size, poverty, and technological development |
| what was the conference on population and development in Cairo? | created a plan that calls for improved healthcare and family planning services for women, children, and families; emphasizes the importance of education for girls as shift to smaller families |
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