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Clep 1890 Farming
1890 Farming Out West & their Issues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ____ of 1862 was part of the government's effort to promote agricultural development of the land west of the Mississippi River. It awarded 160 acres of land to each family which resided on the land for five years. | Homestead Act |
| ____ passed in 1873, which gave homesteaders an additional 160 acres for planting trees on the land, and the Desert Land Act--which sold land at $1.25 an acre if the land was irrigated. | Timber Culture Act |
| Farming on the ___ required a technique called dry farming, which involved plowing deeply for moisture, and required expensive agricultural machinery such as steel plows, seed drills, and windmills. | Great Plains |
| In the 1870s, bonanza farms were established in the Midwest. These farms were much larger than the average farm--sometimes over 10,000 acres, and relying heavily on ____ and large numbers of laborers. | machinery |
| Large farms known as ____ mostly disappeared by the 1890s, but were part of a trend toward large-scale agriculture in the West. | bonanza farms |
| Crop prices fell heavily at the end of the 19th century due to crop ___. This led to many farm foreclosures, and an increase in the number of tenant farmers. | overproduction |
| Crop overproduction led to a worldwide ___, and prices dropped dramatically. Many farmers had borrowed much money to pay for equipment and land. | surplus |
| Due to crop overproduction, many farms lost so much money that they faced foreclosure and some farmers even turned to work as____. Organizations such as the Grange were formed to bring redress of some of their grievances. | tenant farmers |
| The ___ was established to represent the farmers. | Grange |
| The Grange was formed in 1867, and quickly grew to more than one million members. The main source for the farmers' problems was the worldwide surplus of crops due to overproduction, but they typically blamed the ___. | railroads |
| One of the most famous trails along which the cowboys moved the herds of longhorn cattle was the ____ , which went from San Antonio to Abilene, Kansas. | Chisholm Trail |
| The Chisholm Trail was one of the most famous trails used by ___ to move cattle north where they were shipped to the East for the slaughter and packinghouses. | cowboys |
| The __ wars referred to the numerous conflicts between farmers, ranchers, and sheepherders in the Midwest. The Johnson County War in 1892 was one of the biggest of these conflicts. | Range |
| Sheepherders were in conflict with ____ because the sheep ate the grass down to a stubble that cattle could not graze on. | ranchers |
| These conflicts were known as range wars. Farmers fenced their land with ___ and tried to control water sources, which put them in conflict with ranchers who needed access to the land and water. | barbed wire |
| The Grange lobbied state gov to pass laws a. to force RR to build track into remote areas. b. to force grain elevator and warehouse operators to bargain with farmers on rates. c. to regulate RR rates. | c. to regulate RR rates. |
| A serious drawback for families that took advantage of the Homestead Act was a. lack of sufficient annual rainfall in certain areas of the Plains to grow crops. b. lack of transportation to the Plains. c. lack of towns. | a. lack of sufficient annual rainfall in certain areas of the Plains to grow crops. |
| What factors contributed to the population growth in the Great Plains from 1860 to 1910? | Immigrants drawn to rich farmlands; the Homestead Act (160 acres / 1862); RR gave settlers land in return for developing the land next to RR right-of-ways; states and territories hungry for population set up land grants and programs to encourage settlers. |
| A serious drawback for families that took advantage of the Homestead Act was a. lack of sufficient annual rainfall in certain areas of the Plains to grow crops. b. lack of transportation to the Plains. c. lack of towns. | a. lack of sufficient annual rainfall in certain areas of the Plains to grow crops. |
| Which of the following was NOT a cause for the end of open-range cattle ranching? a. Overgrazing of the range b. Range wars of cattle ranchers, sheep herders, and farmers c. Attacks by Native Americans | c. Attacks by Native Americans |
| How did sharecropping work? | Poor tenant and independent farmers borrowed seed, equipment and supplies for planting and harvesting a crop |
| How did property owners take advantage of sharecroppers? | They charged interest rates as high as 200% |
| By when had open-range ranching ended and why? | By the mid-1890's it had ended: mainly due to competition for public land. (The harsh winter of '86-'87 killed many cattle and accelerated the ending.) |
| Range-wars were fought by . ? | Open-range cattle ranchers and farmers and sheep ranchers. Against fencing and for control of public land. |
| To whom did the Farmers Alliances of the 1880's appeal? | Farmers of the Great Plains and the South |
| Why did the Farmers Alliances of the 1880's appeal to farmers of the Great Plains and the South? | They were mired in continual cycles of debt due to crop liens; sharecropping and low commodity prices. |
| Why did small farmers in the Northeast not need the Farmers' Alliances? | Although they could not compete with Western farmers, they had no need to: they focused on perishable goods for nearby metropolitan areas. |
| Did the Chinese farmers in the Western States join the Farmers Alliances? | No |
| Did owners of giant 'bonanza' farms of the Northern Plains join the Farmers' Alliances? | No: they had no need to. |
| What did the Farmers' Alliances of the 1880's hope to accomplish? | The institution of government regulation of farming to help control prices. |
Created by:
wendyk44
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