Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

GEO 3310 Final

Texas State / Urban Geography / Spring '11 / Dr. Brock Brown

Question	Answer
alligator (Hayden: 17)
car glut (Hayden:28)
duck (Hayden: 36)
edge nodes (Hayden: 38)
LULU (Hayden: 64)
pod (Hayden: 76)
Burnham	City Beautiful / aesthetically pleasing broad avenues, monuments / Chicago plan / 1893 satellite cities /consistent architecture
Howard	Garden city movement / Self-contained balance / Est away from pop centers / 32-56k pop cap / 1850-1920
Le Corbusier	City of Towers / high rises accross park environments /1887 -1965 /urban clusters connected by public trans
Wright	Broad acre city /convenient 10-20 min planned retail & industrial spaces
New Urbanism	"change from sprawl" neighborhoods w/ discernable centers, 5 min walk to center, variety of dwellings, garage apts, close elementary, narrow shaded streets, alley parking access, self governing
Concentric Ring Theory/Zone Model	Burgess, 1920
Sector Model	Hoyt, 1939
Multi-Nuclear Model	Harris, Ullman (post-WWII)
corridor development
Megalopolis	conurbation, urban gravity, 60-min isochrome, breaking points
Central Place Theory - Urban Heiarchy (Cristaller '33)	World Class cities --> Metropolitan Center --> Regional Svc Center -->/// County Seat -->Rural Svc Center
Rural Service Center	Small threshold pop, Small grocery, local cafe, 2-3 churches, elementary, post office, Blanco, Fairview (previously Buda, Kyle)
County Seat	10,000-15,000 ppl. Larger grocery, small domestic auto dealers, fast food, small hospital, full-time police, Fredricksburg, Seguin, Childress
Regional Svc Center	SHopping mall, small airport, good media, movie theaters, good lvl of helathcare
Metropolitan Center	Austin/SA, DFW/Houston
World Class City	LA, New York
threshold population	Minimum number of ppl in a mkt area needed to support an eco function
range of a good	Maximum distance ppl can be expected to travel to obtain it
ACCESS	BEST ACCESS GETS MOST CUSTOMERS. The lower the range of a good, the better access needed
rent	ability to generate revenue and stay in business. Better access = better rent
externalities and linkages	certain businesses suffer from other area businesses
Shopping, prior to WWII	Concentric ring/sector models. Public transportation. Each neighborhood had its own shopping area. Individual stores for items. LACKED PARKING FOR POST WWII SHOPPERS
Shopping, pre-automobile dominated shopping in concentric ring city	Neighborhood shopping, lots of stores, impacted by local culture, ethnicity, walking distance threshhold-pop, on public trans routes, lacked parking, higher prices b/c NO ECONOMY OF SCALE
Contemportary trends	urban sprawl, some mixed use, some concentrated/open space, greet arch getting started (water reuse, local electrical generation, veggies onroofs/in walls green infrastructure
Manors	gave way to merchant cities/merchant capitalism
Merchant capitalism	arose in the middle ages, redistributed wealth and generated additional wealth which financed the industrial revolution
Spread of industrialization: INNOVATION AND INVENTION	Britain --> W Europe --> E US --> CAN --> Japan --> China, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, India
U.S. Spread of industrialization:innovation and invention	East Coast --> Mid West (Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City) --> Los Angeles, West, South
basic economic activity [TA = BA + NBA]	generate income for city and residents, export g&s and sell outside city (engine for eco growth), manufacturing, division of labor, advanced services
Nonbasic eco activity [TA= BA + NBA]	circulate income within city. Retail and service sectors
TA = BA + NBA	Total activity = basic + nonbasic activity
multipliers	BA generates income, then NBA activities constantly recirculate $$$. For each basic job added, several nonbasic jobs are added. THese can be exported. E.G. 3000 manufacturing jobs = 3000 NB jobs
primary mulltipliers	company expenditures in local economy. BACKWARD LINKS btwn BA and suppliers; FORWARD LINKS btwn BA selling g&s to local companies
Secondary multipliers	Money spent by workers in BA. Circulated through urban economy. Worker increase = threshold pop increase.
backward links, ancillary linkages	BACKWARD LINKS btwn BA and suppliers; ANCILLARY unrelated/mutual economy
forward links, companion linkages	FORWARD LINKS btwn BA selling g&s to local companies; COMPANION dissimilar, adv for Coke, Ford, Bud
circular and cumulative causation	self perpetuating?
Plant closures & outsourcing impact	Smaller cities and less diverse BA are vulnerable to this
Fordism System of Production	Economy of Scale. Standardized. Fueled global industrialization. Production capacity grew to exceed marked demand.
Flexible Production	Evolving today. GIS. Uses computer tech to coordinate prodution. Driven by real time demand. increased reliance on part-time and temp labor. "Just in time manufacturing"
Growth Pole Model	Changes in location of manufacturing over time. Key centers evolve. Periphery MAY benefit from "trickle down."
Polarization Process	nEGATIVE. Periphery biz cannot match efficiancy from Urban growth center. Attracts labor, investment, and increases gap.
Stanback Model	Counter --> Growth Node, beyond manufacturing. Evolved over the last 30-40 yrs during loss of manufacturing jobs and rise of svc jobs. Advanced services required. Leads to structural, long enduring changes.
Stanback Observations on Structural Changes	Services = increased importance. Dominant metropolitan economies. Economic specialization broken down by threshold pop. Wide variety of income/enployment/earnings. Non-earned income = source of aggregate demand
1960/1997 % change in US empolyment	MANUFACTURING: 30.97 --> 15.21 /// SERVICES: 13.69 --> 29.37
Fast Urban Growth 1990-1997	Atl, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Pheonix, Seattle
Intermediat Urban Growth 1990 - 1997	CIncinnati, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Oakland
Slow Urban Growth 1990 - 1997	Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleaveland, Milwaukee, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh
Human Talent/ High tech industry	Highly concentrated in only a few US cities; generate higher regional incomes.
wHEELER-pARK mODEL	1) Changing manufacturing location 1850-present. 2) 1850 Initial centralization. 3) 1880 Central city concentration. 4) 1920 continuous growth. 5) 1960 suburbanization 6) 1980 suburban dominance
relocation diffusion	coming to a city, moving within a city
in-migration [P1 + (IM-OM) = P2]	people moving INTO one place form another place
out-migration [P1 + (IM-OM) = P2]	people moving OUT of one place to another place
net internal migration	the difference between in-migration and out-migration. P1 + (IM-OM) = P2
Migration and Natural Pop Growth P1 + (IM-OM) + (B-D) = P2	Migrant chains create ethnic areas. Newest land in poorest areas. Over time, the collectively move to better parts of the city, generally maintaining their sense of community. P1 + (IM-OM) + (B-D) = P2
14th Amendment	African Americans granted civil rights
Asian Exclusion Acts	1882, 1917, 1924, 1934. Excluded immigrants from China, Japan, and India and the Philippenes. Categorized as "non-white."
Asia Barred Zone 1917	Denied South Asians entry. Excluded American posessions of the Phillipenes and Guam
Chinese Exclusion Acts/Immigration Exclusion act 1882	Suspended immigration of CHinese laborers, barring re-entry of Chinese laborers qho departed and did not return before the passage of the act.
Alien Land Laws	1913, 1920, 1923. pROHIBITED aSIAN IMMIGRANTS FROM OWING LAND AND OTHER FORMS OF PROPERTY THROUGH THE LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF NONWHITES AS ALIENS INELIGIBLE TO CITIZENSHIP
Immigrant Act of 1924	Exclusion of the Japanese. Barred entry. Totally excluded them from immigration. "Whites only" could be naturilized as citizens.
Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934	Exclusion of Filipinos. Cut immigration to a quota of 50/year. All inside the US reclassified as "Aliens." COnnected with the issue of Phillipine independence from US colonization
Magnusun Act 1943	Lifted the barriers to citizenship to most immigrants of Asian origin. Repealed the Exclusion Act of 1882, est. a quota for Chinese immigrants, and made Chinese elegible for citizenship, negating the 1790 racial bar.
Asian Exclusion Repeal Acts 1946	Filipeno and East Indian. McCarran-Walter Act 1952
Immigrant Act 1965	eliminated immigration quotas. Est new criteria for immigrants.
California Proposiotion 187 (1994)	Attempts to deny schooling and medical care to illegal immigrants.
social distance, invasion, succession, penetration, consolidation	"Problems" which arose during the Industrial era. From the study of Urban Ecology (1910-1930s). Only partially accurate.
Social Area Analysis (Shevky and Bell)	Forces which shape 1955 cities: Demand for advanced job skills, family structures, residential mobility. Reflects socioeco status, and ethnic status as well
Ethnoburb	Ethnic neighborhoods, temporal transition of composition. Also known as a "cultural enclave"
New Factors in Organizing Urban Space	1) Power: political, economic. 2) Residential diferentiation: division of urban space along social lines, social reproduction-capitalism needs...by class, in neighborhoods. 3) Globalization-manufacturing --> adv svcs
spatial polarization	dual/divided city
gentrification	upgrading neighborhoods
citadels	enclosed, protected neighborhoods
cultural enclave	cultural, immigrant (ethnoburb) community
ghettos	created by external force
edge city	suburban city. Jobs, retail, housing. Increasingly defensive design: walls, gates, guards
WOrking class city	increasingly downgrading) poverty and crime. Usually deteriorating.
Causes of segregation	1) economic, 2) discrimination, 3) preferences (voluntary self-separation)
Evenness	A measure of segregation, based on the Index of Dissimilarity. 10% Total.
Proportional Distribution	A measure of segregation, thE PERCENTAGE OF A NEIGHBORHOOD WHICH WOULD NEED TO RELOCATE TO ACHIEVE EVENnESS
exposure/isolation	A measure of segregation which uses the Isolation Index.
Centralization	A measure of segregation, determines the closeness to central city, relative to other groups.
Clustering	A measure of segregation,the degre to which group members live in a neighborhood close to each other, and between neighborhoods
COncentration	A measure of segregation, EXTENT TO WHICH GROUPS LIVE IN RESTRICTED AMOUNT OF URBAN SPACE
Hypersegregation	MULTIPLE FORMS OF SEGREGATION, SIMULTANEOUSLY
GreatMigration 1915-1920	Lead to the Urban Sector model. Devistation of Southern Ag....boll weevil, share cropping. Ag depression preceded great depression.l Wartime industrial labor shortages. Tight low income housing mkt.
Post WWI Urban Migration	First African-American ghettos evolved. Fear, racism urban riots. Neighborhood improvement assoc. Resstrictive covenants. Dual housing mkts/ the "color line". Less than 1/3 of poor live in cities.
Post WWII Urban Migration	Urban migration became worse. Chicago 1920 no neighborhoods more than 90% African American. Segregation morthroughrough in Northern cities.
POST WWII Suburbia	Massive increase in housing stock. Rapid increase in home ownership. 90%minority neighborhoods, as racial divides grew. Older, deteriorating neighborhoods surrendered to miniorities. Encouraged by Federal loan practices, redev funds, public housing.
1960s Urban Riots	83 US cities experienced race riots. Magnitude and # at new heights. GREAT ECO INEQUALITY
Structural rascism	separate but equal
DEINDUSTRIALIZATION/GLOBALIZATION	caused decline in manufacturung jobs (BA), and decling in related service (NB/multipliers). Service setor jobs globalized. Neg impact of urban eco base. Minorities suffer disproportionately.
city poverty	BY 2000, 1/2 OF ALL POOR LIVE IN CITIES. 78% LIVE IN METROPOLITAN AREAS: 42% IN CENTRAL CITY, 36% IN SUBURBS
TENURE	LATIN, "TO HOLD." HOUSING IS SECURED AND OCCUPIED BY PRIVATE (90%) AND PUBLIC (govt). pUBLIC MKT HOUSING IS RARE.
CHANGING FUNCTION OF CITIES	1 TRADE. 2 MANUFACTURING. 3 SERVICES/TECH/R&D. 4 1990s DECENTRILIZATION. 5 GENTRIFICATION
WHEN DID THE US BECOME PREDOMINANTLY URBAN?	BTWN 1910-1920.
EARLIEST URBAN SETTLEMENTS	SPAIN. ST. AUGUSTINE, 1565 --> THEN, ENGLISH (ROANOAK, JAMESTOWN).
INVASION AND SUCCESSION	HOUSIG MKT, WHERE ONE GRP TAKES OVER ANOTHER GRPS SPACE
FILTERING AND VACANCY CHAINS	HOYT.
INITIAL URBANIZATION	NEW HOUSING, RECENTLY IN SUBURBS.
TRANSITION	POP GROWTH, INCREASED DENSITY, MULTI-FAM BEING BUILT
DOWNGRADING	OLDER HOUSING STOCK CONVERTED TO NEW, MULTI-FAM. PHYSICAL DETERIORATION.
THINNING	pop declines, vacancy, abandoment
renewal	obsolete housing replaced with multi-family; intensive land use increases, often public-sector involvement.
incipient decline
john Yinger "Matched Pairs research"	Discrimination can occur at three stages: 1) Information re: availible units. 2) Terms and conditions/financing assistance. 3) Steering, location of ofther units (purchase and rental)
redlining	identifying minority areas, refuse to lend b/c of potential for reduced value. Applied FHA loan guarantee programs - devastating impact. denied $ to inner-city and minorities., kept them from suburbanization.
when was redlining prohibited?	1975 HMDA, 1977 CRA, 1990s...some practices continue at applicant level
secondary mortgage mkt	occured during post WWII auto dom society. fed govt loan guarantees, millions could now purchase homes @ reasonable cost. favored new/modern housing. shortage of capital in commercial depository banks, S&Ls.
abraham levitt	economy of scale neighborhoods post wwII
SPRAWL NEGATIVE ATTIBUTES	AUTOS NECESSARY TO PARTICIPATE FULLY IN SOCIETY. INCREASED SEPARTION BTWN SOCIEO-ECONOMIC CLASSES. CONTRIBUTIONS TO HEALTH PROBLEMS. POLLUTION. WASTED TIME.
ZONE OF ABANDONMENT	BLIGHT OF THE INNER-CITY. OVERCROWDED/DETERIORATING CBD.
URBAN RENEWAL	"DEMOLISH AND REBUILD"
ELITIST THEORY	ONLY A FEW INDIVIDUALS HOLD POWER
PLURALIST THEORY	POWER IS DISTRIBUTED
REGIME THEORY	PPL COME TOGETHER TO ACCOMPLISH GOALS, AD HOC
organic regime	keep the same, anti-change
instrumental regime	coalesce to accomplish big objective
symbolic regime	coalition to look after/alter city image
urban governance stages	1) elite dominance 2) machine politicts 3) reform politicts
elite dominance	First stage of urban governance. colonial area to mid-19th century. property-owing upper class- EURO/AM males
machine politics	Second stage of urban governance. heiarchical/party boss (hall, Daley). populist. territorial.
reform politics	third stage of urban governance. cities are run by experienced admins who apply scientific management techniques. at large elections. non partisan elections. council-manager form of govt.
3/4 of local revenue	property taxes...much goes to schools.
grid system	used to plan land use.
CDPs	unincorperated cities. do not have charter. have far less rules.
japanese cities	clean, safe, lowest crime rates in the world. ethnically homogeneous. 4%belong to minority group. SOCIET CLOSED UNTIL 1868/OPENED W. BANG! DELIBERATE INDUSTRIALIZATION. MIGHTY MIL. WWII CHANGED FOCS FM. MIL CONQUEST TO ECO DEV. LONG HIST FEUDAL SYST.
political fragmentation	often occurs when metropolitan areas expand. growth of service delivery areas.
polycentrism	pro-fragmentation. Believe big, remote metro scale govts become unresponsive to local interests. success in fighting city hall. tiebout hypothesis. political and lifestyle choices. Small town, personal feeling.
Tiebout hypothesis	people will seek a better fit btwn their tolerance for taxes, and demands for service.
arguements against poly-centrism	fiscal disparity, variation in tax base/ability to provide services. 2) larger tax base means lower taxes. 3) metropolitan polarization btwn resource poor anr resource rich municipalities.
federal poverty guideling for family of 4	19,350 (1,612/month). AK 24,190. HI 22,260.
how to reduce a fragmented metropolis?	annexation, city-council consolidation, joint eco dev districts, extraterritorial jurisdiction.
elastic annexation	One way to reduce a fragmented metro areas. thse cities aggressively epand area via annexation/consolidaion, capturing suburban growth and affluent tax base.
inelastic cities	do not change their boundaries, and contribute to fragmented metroploitan areas
extraterritorial juristiction	the state allows cities to make certain decisions about land use beyond the city limit.
CAPCOG	CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVTS.CATALYST FOR REGIONAL PLANNING. ONE OF 24 COGs IN TX. FOUNDED 1970.
COGs	COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS. ALL STATES HAVE THESE/
10 THINGS WRONG W/ SPRAWL	1) LOSS OF SUPPORT FOR PUBLIC AMIENITIES. 2) UNDERMINES EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE MAINTNENCE. 3) CONSUMES MORE RESOURCES. 4) INCREASES TRANS COSTS. 5) SEPARATES POOR FROM JOBS. 6) IMPOSES TIME TAX. 7) DEGRADES WATER/AIR 8) HABITAT DESTRUCTION 9)
EUROPEAN HOUSING	DENSE. SCARCE LAND. STURDIER MATERIALS. EXTREME COST. MORE RENTERS. STRINGENT PLANNING. ANTIQUITY/HERITAGE. PRESERVATION VS. RENEWAL. HISTORIC CORES.
WESTERN EURO CITIES	HISTORIC CORE = PRESTIGEOUS/EXPENSIVE. AJACENT ZONES OF TRANSITION, URBAN POOR, RECENT MIGRANTS. REMOTE "NEW TOWNS" TIED BY MASS TRANSIT. 1/2 OF gdp GOES TO PUBLIC EXPENDITURE. [u.s. = 1/3, MOSTLY MIL]
SOCIAL GEO IN EUROPE	CITIES DIVIDED BY CLASS. HOUSE, FAM SIZE SMALLER, BUT LESS MOBILE. ETHNIC SEGREGATION LESS EVIDENT THAN US.
LARGEST URBAN AREA	TOKYO. OSAKA 4th LARGEST/ EXTREMELY HIGH DENSITY. LAND VALUE = 100x U.S. AVG COMMMUTE 2 HRS. MORE EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME.
POP GROWTH IN EUROPE, TODAY	ZPG, -0.2. LOW/NONEXISTANT. GROWTH DRIVEN BY MIGRATION FROM LDCs TO MDCs
FAUBOURGS	EARLY SUBURBS, JUST OUTSIDE EURO CITY WALLS.
MOST DENSE EURO CITY/ACRE	BUCHAREST, ROMANIA.; 669!!!
MOST DENSE U.S CITY/ACRE	NEW YORK...178
CENTRAL CITY DECLINE	BEGAN 1970s. MANUFACTURING NEAR CBDs CLOSED; RELOCATED TO LOWER COST AND ABSORB MORE SPACE. FOR HIGH TECH EQUIPMENT. RETAIL FOLLOWED...LEAKED TO SUBURBS, MALLS/BIG BOXES
CONSEQUENSES OF CENTRAL CITY DECLINE	TAX BASE DROPPED, REMAINING POP POOR AND ELDERLY. INFRASTRUCTURE DECAY. SCHOOL SYST DECAY. FEW "ECO OF SCALE" OPPS
PORTS/BREAK OF BULK CITIES.	GOODS SHIPPED THORUGH/ CARGO BROKEN DOWN ALONG ROUTE.
TRANSPORTATION DRIVEN CITIES	CARGO BROKEN DOWN ALONG ROUTE.
SPECIAL FUNCTION CITIES	MINIG/EXTRACTION, TOURISM/ENTERTAINEMNT, GOVT CONCENTRATION
MKT SITE CITIES	RETAIL AND CONSUMER SVC CENTERS. WELL DEVELOPED CBD. ORGANIZED ALONG URBAN HEIARCHY...COLLECTION POINT FOR LOCAL PRODUCTIONM DISTRIBUTION CENTERS FOR GOODS NOT LOCALLY AVAILIBLE. KANSAS CITY, sT. lOUIS, CHICAGO.
MONOCENTRIC CITIES	THE INITIAL SINGLE FOCUS OF CENTRALITY-CBD. COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION NODE, TRSNSHIPMENT POINT. CONCENTRIC RING/SECTOR MODELS
AGGLOMERATION	OCCURED LATE 1960s TO PRESENT. BASIS OF MULTI-NUCLEAR CITY MODEL. SPATIAL DISTRUBUTION.
LOCALIZATION ECONOMIES	CLUSTERING OF SIMILAR. TIMEAND ## SAVINGS. COMPETITIVE LINKAGES.
URBANIZATION ECONOMIES	CLUSTERING OD DISSIMILAR, UNLIKE. ADVERTISING, FINANCE, INSURANCE. CAN BE DRAWN BY GRAVITY. UNRELATED ACTIVITIES SERVE A MUTUAL MKT. SAVINGS DERIVED WHEN SEVERAL UNLIKE ESTS DEPEND ON COMMON SUPPLIER
CBD AGGLOMERATION LINKAGES (4)	1) ANCILLARY. 2) COMPANION. 3) COMPETITIVE. 4) COMPLIMENTARY
ANCILLARY LINKAGE	PART OF CBD AGGLOMERATION. BIZ TIES/CORPORATION GRAVITY
COMPANION LINKAGE	PART OF CBD AGGLOMERATION. BIZ TIES W/DISSIMILAR TARGETS.
COMPETITIVE LINAKAGES	PART OF CBD AGGLOMERATION. CONSUMER TIES, CLUSTERING OF SIMILAR ACTIVITIES FACILITIATES LOCALIZATION ECONOMIES
COMPLIMENTARY LINKAGE	PART OF CBD AGGLOMERATION. CONSUMER TIES, RELATED FUNCTIONS SERVE THE SAME MKT. URBANIATION ECONOMY.
ZONE OF DISCARD	MAY EXPAND IN ONE DIRECTION AND RETREAT IN ANOTHER. NIGHT POPULATION.
ZONE OF ASSIMILATION	GROWTH OCCURS HERE. MAY EXPAND ---> ZONE OF DISCARD. OLD AND ECAYING EDGE, FORMORLLY VIBRANT. LOW LAND VALUE. UNDESIRABLE APPEARANCE.
ZONE OF TRANSITION
REVITALIZAITION/REDEVELOPMENT	DETERIORATION BEGAN IN 1950s. GROWTH MACHINES (COALITIONS) CREATE NEW IMAGE, RAISE $$ FOR IMPROVEMENT.
FIFTH AMENDMENT	HELPED FORM LEGAL BASIS FOR CITY PLANNING. "TAKINGS CLAUSE." PRIVATE PROPERTY CANNONT BE ANNEXED W/O JUST COMPENSATION
FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT	HELPED FORM LEGAL BASIS FOR CITY PLANNING. NO PERSON SHALL BE DEPRIVED OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY W/O DUE PROCESS.
EMINENT DOMAIN
ZONING	LIMITS EARNINGS WHEN GOVT TAKES PROPERTY. CONSTITUTIONAL IN 1929.
ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT	ENVIRONMENTAL TAKINGS
STAKEHOLDERS	INCLUDES GOVT AT ALL LEVELS, PROVATE DEVELOPERS, FINANCERS, RESIDENTS, OTHERS
housing act of 1954	The Master Plan to catelog/inventory existing land use, population, eco profiles. Lays out dev goals. Institutionalization of planning process. Legal foundation for specific regulations. brings stakeholders together.
comprehensive plan	offers long range vision. inventory of physical and cultural geography of the city. an overview of historial and projected trends. procedures to administer and change.
pedestrian sheds	five min walk
transit-oriented development TODs	around transit stops
cluster zoning
exclusionary zoning
7.5 topographic	bm-benchmark, feet above sea level

Created by: goldmeg89

Popular Geography sets

Northeast Capitals

"50 States / Capitals"

Semester 1 Vocabulary

Southeast States and Capitals

Midwest States and Capitals

Primary Economic Activities

AICP Certification Case Law and Legal Basis for Planning

"50 States and Capitals"

AICP History Questions

AICP Spatial Areas of Planning Questions

AICP Law Questions

All Countries and Capitals of the World.

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: