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BAMC M6 Anemia
Blood Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The spleen is a fist-size organ located in the | upper left quadrant of the abdomen. |
| Where storage and some creation of lymphocytes and other leukocytes occurs | the spleen |
| What is the lack of sufficient circulating hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to tissues? | Anemia |
| Anemia may be caused by | *inadequate production of RBCs *abnormal hemolysis *sequestration of RBCs *blood loss |
| is a condition in which the total body iron content is decreased below a normal level, affecting hemoglobin synthesis. RBCs appear pale and are small. | Iron deficiency anemia |
| The most common cause of this type of anemia is chronic blood loss (GI bleeding including occult colorectal cancers, excessive menstrual bleeding, hookworm infestation), | Iron deficiency anemia |
| People with Iron Deficiency Anemia will generally develop symptoms when.... | Symptoms generally develop when hemoglobin has fallen to less than 11 g/100 mL. |
| Take iron with or without food? | empty stomach, with full glass of water or fruit juice. |
| A megaloblast is a large, nucleated erythrocyte with delayed and abnormal nuclear maturation. Pernicious anemia is a type of megaloblastic anemia associated with | vitamin B12 deficiency. |
| Test for absorption of vitamin B12 uses small amount of radioactive B12 orally and 24-hour urine collection to measure uptake—decreased. | Schilling test (to Dx Pernicious Anemia) |
| is a disorder characterized by bone marrow hypoplasia or aplasia resulting in pancytopenia (insufficient numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets). | Aplastic anemia |
| severe aplastic anemia is almost always _____ if untreated. | fatal |
| is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder that involves all bone marrow elements, resulting in an increase in RBC mass and hemoglobin. | Polycythemia vera |
| Hyperplasia of all bone marrow elements results in: | Overproduction of all three blood cell lines, most prominently RBCs. Increased red cell mass. Increased blood volume and viscosity. Decreased marrow iron reserve. Splenomegaly. |
| When a patient has polycethemia vera they are at risk for engorgement of blood vessels and possible thrombosis why? | Increased mass of blood cells increases viscosity. |
| Polycythemia vera Dx may show these results in lab values | CBC—elevated RBC and hemoglobin and hematocrit (> 60%); elevated platelets. Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy—hyperplasia. Elevated uric acid. |
| malignant disorders of the blood and bone marrow that result in an accumulation of dysfunctional, immature cells that are caused by loss of regulation of cell division. | Leukemias |
| ______leukemias affect immature cells and are characterized by rapid progression of symptoms. | Acute |
| The development of leukemia has been associated with: | Exposure to certain chemicals and toxins (eg, benzene, alkylating agents). |
| Lymphomas | are malignant disorders of the reticuloendothelial system that result in an accumulation of dysfunctional, immature lymphoid-derived cells. |
| A group of malignancies of lymphoid tissue arising from T or B lymphocytes or their precursors; include both indolent and aggressive forms. | Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas |
| May be caused by viruses (eg, HTLV-1 and Epstein-Barr). | Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas |
| Multiple myeloma is a | malignant disorder of plasma cells. |
| characterized by a decreased platelet count (less than 100,000/mm3), the most common cause of bleeding disorders. | Thrombocytopenia |
| VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE | Inherited (autosomal dominant) or acquired bleeding disorder characterized by decreased level of von Willebrand factor and prolonged bleeding time. |
| Constant, usually severe bone pain caused by bone lesions and pathologic fractures; sites commonly affected include thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis, and proximal long bones is seen as a clinical manifestation in patients with..... | MULTIPLE MYELOMA |
| Idiopathic ITP is an acute or chronic bleeding disorder that results from immune destruction of platelets by antiplatelet antibodies. | Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, |
| acquired thrombotic and hemorrhagic syndrome characterized by abnormal activation of the clotting cascade and accelerated fibrinolysis. | DIC - DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION |
| Hemostasis | Clotting at breaks in blood vessels |
| Neutrophil | Ingest and destroy microorganisms (phagocytosis) most plentiful leukocyte |
| Eosinophil | Host resistance to helminthic infections; also allergic response |
| Basophil | Allergic response |
| Monocyte | Phagocytosis |
| B lymphocyte | Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins); humoral immunity |
| T lymphocyte | Regulation of immune response; cellular immunity |
| Generally includes absolute numbers or percentages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in blood sample. Used to evaluate infection or potential for infection and identify various types of leukemia. | Complete Blood Count |
| Blood Smear | Blood sample prepared for microscopic viewing using appropriate stains, allowing visual analysis of numbers and characteristics of cells; can identify abnormal cells of certain anemias, leukemias, and other disorders that affect the bloodstream. |
| Lymph Node Biopsy | Performed to determine the cause of lymph node enlargement, to distinguish between benign and malignant lymph node tumors, and to stage metastatic carcinoma. |
| nutritional counseling, supplements, RBC transfusions, and administration of exogenous erythropoietin [epoetin alfa (Procrit) or darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp)], a growth factor stimulating production and maturation of erythrocytes. | Treatments for anemia include |
| The most common cause is chronic blood loss (GI bleeding including occult colorectal cancers, excessive menstrual bleeding, hookworm infestation) | IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA |
| Some drugs interfere with B12 absorption, | notably ascorbic acid, cholestyramine, colchicine, neomycin, cimetidine, and hormonal contraceptives. |
| Pernicious Anemia requires that you teach your patient.... | Advise patient that monthly vitamin B12 administration should be continued for life |
| MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA: FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY | Dietary deficiency, malnutrition, marginal diets, excessive cooking of foods; commonly associated with alcoholism. |
| You may see these sypmtoms with folic acid deficiency: | sore tongue, cracked lips |
| Name the 4 Myeloproliferative Disorders | They include polycythemia vera, acute lymphocytic and acute myelogenous leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. |
| Myeloproliferative disorders | are disorders of the bone marrow that result from abnormal proliferation of cells from the myeloid line of the hematopoietic system. |
| POLYCYTHEMIA VERA presents an overproduction of what???? | Overproduction of all three blood cell lines, most prominently RBCs. |
| Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall) | Antimetabolite used for the treatment of Leukemia |
| Platelets (Thrombocytes) | Primary function is to control bleeding through hemostasis. |
| Bone Marrow Aspiration | Aspiration of bone marrow from the iliac crest or (rarely) sternum to obtain specimen to examine microscopically and to perform a biopsy |
| Erythropoietin is used to stimulate RBC production in anemias associated with | chronic renal failure, chemotherapy treatment, and HIV. |
| increased risk of death and serious cardiovascular events. Use the lowest possible dose and monitor for such potential problems as hypertension —particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease—and deep venous thrombosis. | Erythropoietic-stimulating agents, such as epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa have been associated with..... |
| Anaphylactic reactions may occur after parenteral iron administration. What is a preventative measure you can take to avoid this problem? | A test dose is required for iron dextran and recommended for iron sucrose or sodium ferric gluconate. Monitor patient closely for hypotension, angioedema, and stridor after injection. Do not administer with oral iron. |
Created by:
MissMaryLopez
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