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• Refers to the background equivalent radiation time
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RT 140 Midterm
Radiation Protection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| • Diagnostic efficacy | the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reviles the presence or absence of disease |
| • Refers to the background equivalent radiation time | BERT |
| • ____Does not imply radiation risk, it is simply a means for comparison | BERT |
| • ___Emphasizes that radiation is an innate part of our environment | BERT |
| • The answer given in terms of ___is easy for the patient to comprehend | BERT |
| • _____is not EM radiation | Ultrasound |
| • In order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength the EM radiations go as follow | radio waves, microwave, infrared, visible light, UV, x-ray, gamma, cosmic |
| • UV, visible light, radio waves, microwaves, and infrared are | ALL NONIONIZING |
| • Rad to SI units | Gray |
| • Rem to SI units | Sieverts |
| • Roentgen to SI units | C/kg |
| • What was the main effect from the disaster at Chernobyl | thyroid cancer |
| • Natural sources become increased because of the accidental or deliberate human action | ENHANCED NATURAL SOURCES |
| • A quantity that attempts to take into account the variation in biological harm that is produced by different types of radiation | Equivalent dose |
| • What does atom mean in Greek | indivisible |
| • Z in the atomic formula | atomic number aka the proton number |
| • what is X in the atomic formula | element |
| • What is A in the atomic formula | atomic mass |
| • If he asks what the difference between two of the same elements, no change occurs | (none of the above) |
| • Isotopes have the same | proton number |
| • Isobars have the same | atomic mass |
| • Isotones have the same | neutron number |
| • Isomers have the same everything but | one is in a metastable state |
| • Avogadro's number is | 6.023 x 10^23 |
| • AMU for protons | 1.007amu |
| • AMU for electrons | .0005 amu |
| • AMU for neutron | 1.008 amu |
| • Charge of protons is | 1.67 x 10^-19 coulombs |
| • Charge of electrons | -1.67 x 10^-19 |
| • Nuclear medicine deals with | gamma particles |
| • The mass of an atom is not exactly equal to the sum of the parts | Mass defect |
| • 1 mole | 6.023 x 10^23 (Avogadro's number) |
| • The spontaneous release of energy from the nucleus of an atom in the form of EM or particulate radiation | Radioactivity |
| • Energy propagated in space by travelling corpuscles having a definite rest mass, charge, and position | particulate radiation |
| • Energy propagated in space as oscillating electric and magnetic fields at 90 degrees to each other at the speed of light | EM radiation |
| • speed of light is | 3 x 10^8m/s and 3x10^10cm/s |
| • Which of the following benefits, deals with keeping exposure to a minimum | ALARA (only alara) |
| • Instability increases as proton number | increases |
| • planks constant | 12.4/ E(keV) |
| • What makes an particle directly ionizing | if it has a charge |
| • What is the dose response model for diagnostic x-ray | linear model |
| • Roentgen is only good for air, up to | 3 meV, and for x/gamma rays |
| • QF | RBE Wr |
| • SI unit for Roentgen is | C/Kg |
| • Lambert Beer formula | If = Ii e^-(LAC)(thickness) |
| • HVL | = ln2/LAC |
| • LAC | = ln2/HVL |
| • 1rem | = 1rad = 1R |
| • depressed WBC, RBC, platelet | Pancytopnea |
| • increase in white blood cells | leukemia |
| • scatter and absorption | Attenuation |
| • What is an alternative to characteristic | radiation, auger |
| • Coherent is aka | classical, elastic, and unmodified |
| • Compton is aka | incoherent, inelastic, and modified |
| • Which interaction involves a free or loosely bound electron | compton |
| • absorption edges involves | Photoelectric |
| • Which interaction produces a less energy photon | compton |
| • Z^2 is to | pair production |
| • Z^3/E^3 is to | PE |
| • What occurs between 100keV and 2 meV | compton |
| • What is the master target | DNA |
| • What is most dominant at low energy | coherent |
| • HVL | Ln2/u |
| • Which interaction increases with energy and Z# | photodisintegration |
| • Alternative to characteristic radiation | is auger |
| • Max amount of electrons in the orbital shells is | 2n^2 |
| • What is the number of electrons in the valence shell | 8 |
| • Wave model | C= wavelength x frequency |
| • quantum model | E=hv |
| • T/F The probability of an 80Kev photon being scattered is greater for tin z=50 than for aluminum z=13 | FALSE |
| • T/F In compton interaction the electron acquires any energy from 0 up to the energy of an incident photon | FALSE |
| • T/F Wavelength of a scatter photon may be shorter than wavelength of an incident photon | FALSE |
| • The probability of a ____interaction increases with Z number and decreases with increasing energy | PE |
| • A photon may scatter from an atom without losing energy | FALSE |
| • A photon may be emitted from an atom without ionizing it | true |
| • When an electron is removed from an atom the atom is said to be | ionized |
| • The major controlling factor for beam quality that is under the direct control of the tech is | kVp |
| • The major control factor beam quantity under control of the tech | mAs |
| • Which equation would be used for the wavelength of a photon | lambda=12.4/E |
| • What interaction ionizes water causing free radicals | indirect |
| • A photon of frequency 100mHz has a wavelength of | 3m/s |
| • Which interaction causes the most absorbed dose to the patient | PE |
| • In order of increasing magnitude | characteristic, Brems, heat |
| • occupational dose is | 5rem |
| • extremity MPD | 50rem |
| • MPD for lens of the eye | 15rem |
| • MPD for the skin | 50rem |
| • MPD for fetus per month | .05rem |
| • MPD for the pregnant worker | 5rem |
| • The HVL of the beam | beam penetrating, and beam quality |
| • Z number for bone | 13.8 |
| • Z number for air | 7.4 |
| • Z number for soft tissue | 7.6 |
| • What affects the attenuation | energy of beam/ the density of absorbing tissue/ the Z# and e/gm of tissue |
| • The rate of energy transfer by an electron through matter is | linear energy transfer |
| • Increases with increasing energy | compton |
| • Which interaction involves a free electron | compton |
| • When electron is removed from an atom, the atom is | ionized |
| • The maximum number of electrons in the orbital shells of an atom is | 2n ^2 |
| • X-rays, gamma rays, electrons(Beta) have weighting factors of | 1 |
| • Wr for proton | 5 |
| • Alpha has a weighting factor of | 20 |
| • Increasing magnitude order is as follows | Characteristic, Brems, heat |
| • The major controlling factor quantity is | mAs |
| • Filtrating of x-ray beam will result in | hardening, more penetrating, decrease in quantity, increase in quality |
| • What type of interaction forms free radicals | indirect |
| • Most dominant at low photon energies | PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT (I have confirmed it is PE, not coherent) |
| • Which interaction occurs with free or outer shell electrons | compton |
| • A photon CAN NOT undergo 2 consecutive | PE interactions |
| • What interaction occurs between 100kev and 2 mev | compton |
| • Only important at energy above 2 mev | pair production |
| • No energy is transferred or locally absorbed | coherent |
| • Is affected by absorption edges | PE |
| • A lower energy photon is produced | compton |
| • The building block of all organic materials is | DNA |
| • Does not depend on Z | compton |
| • Occurs with an outer shell or free electron | compton |
| • Increasing with increasing photon energy | compton |
| • Increases as energy and Z number increase | photodisintegration |
| • T/F the probability of an 80 kev photon being scattered is greater for tin (z=50) than for aluminum (z=13) | FALSE |
| • In compton interaction, the electron may acquire energy from zero up to the energy of the incident photon | FALSE |
| • Wavelength of a scattered photon may be shorter than the wavelength of an incident photon | wavelength |
| • A photon can undergo 2 consecutive PE interactions | FALSE |
| • Threshold energy for Pair production is | 1.02 MeV |
| • The probability of ___decreases with increasing energy is | PE |
| • A photon may scatter from an atom without losing energy | FALSE |
| • A photon can be emitted from an atom without ionizing the atom | TRUE |
| • The major control factor for beam quality is | kVp |
| • The major controlling factor for beam quantity is | mAs |
| • What equation is used to find wavelength | lambda = 12.4/E |
| • The property that determines whether a type of radiation is directly or indirectly ionizing is the | charge |
| • Alternative to characteristic is | auger |
| • The HVL of the radiation beam expresses the | beam quality and penetrating ability |
| • What affects attenuation | energy of beam/the density of the tissue/the Z#/ the e/gm of tissue |
| • The rate of energy transferred by an electron as it moves through matter is referred to as | LET |
| • A function of Z^3E^-3 is | PE |
| • In order of increasing magnitude | characteristic, bremstrahlung, heat |
| • radiobiology is the | study of radiation effects on living tissue |
| • exposure is | energy absorbed in a given mass in air |
| • EfD is used for | cancer |
| • Natural background radiation is | cosmic, terrestrial and internal |
| • What dose is considered safe | 0 Gy |
| • radon is more harmful in | basements |
| • Most dominant at energies below 30 kvp | PE |
| • A function of Z^2 | Pair production |
| • What are cells made of | protoplasm |
| • How many amino acids are involved in protein synthesis | 22 |
| • What produces antibodies | B lymphocytes |
| • What are the most important polysaccharides | starches and animal glycogen |
| • How many types of tRNA exist | 22 |
| • How many base pairs in the human genome | 2.9 billion or 2.9 x 10^9 |
| • What enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment | ER |
| • What makes glycoproteins | Golgi apparatus |
| • Where are proteins synthesized | ribosomes |
| • What are the garbage disposals of the cell | lysosomes |
| • What compose interphase | G1, S, G2 |
| • What process do somatic cells divide in | mitosis |
| • Is water the master target | NO, dna is |
| • What is the master target | DNA |
| • What determines the characteristics of living things | order of nitrogenous bases |
| • How much of a cell is composed of water | 80-85% |
| • DNA backbone is sugar phosphate, and the phosphate group controls the function of the cell | FALSE |
| • Bond that connects amino acids | peptide bond |
| • Lipids are not responsible for the structure of | acellular organs |
| • Lipid functions include | aiding in digestion, support/protect/growth and development, protect and guard, support, lubricate joints, insulate |
| • Oncogenes can be activated by radiation to (ALL THE ABOVE) | anything that causes mutation can cause cancer which is a predeterminant of cancer. |
| • The normal white blood cell count is | 5000-10000 |
| • As LET ____ RBE ______ | Increases, Increase |
| • D1 | The initial dose |
| • Dq | sub lethal dose (aka quasi threshold) |
| • D0 | radiosensitivity |
| • X axis | of the CSC is DOSE |
| • Y axis | of the CSC is the survival fraction |
| • If bone marrow is exposed to a low enough dose, the cells are | able to repopulate |
| • T/F neutrons are categorized as indirectly ionization | TRUE, because they have NO charge |
| • T/F neutrons give rise to alpha particles, protons, and other heavy particles | TRUE |
| • Cataracts are | non stochastic Threshold |
| • The f-factor increases with increasing Z # and decreasing energy | is the roentgen to rad conversion factor, and is .876 rads/R in AIR |
| • 250 keV x-rays is the standard for calculating | RBE |
| • X-rays are indirectly ionizing and produce | fast recoil electrons |
| • In regards to the beam, HVL relates to | penetrating ability and quality |
| • For non-stochastic, the only answer is | after a certain threshold dose, an effect can be seen |
| • Cell survival fraction is a function of | DOSE |
| • Radosensitivity of ova ________throughout the lifetime of the cell | varies considerably |
| • X axis | of the CSC is DOSE |
| • Y axis | of the CSC is the survival fraction |
| • If bone marrow is exposed to a low enough dose, the cells are | able to repopulate |
| • T/F neutrons are categorized as indirectly ionization | TRUE, because they have NO charge |
| • T/F neutrons give rise to alpha particles, protons, and other heavy particles | TRUE |
| • How to calculate roentgens to C/Kg | 1R/2.58 x 10^-4 |
| • Epithelial cells divide, through mitosis | TRUE |
| • How often do Muscle and nerve cells divide | DO NOT |
| • As LET increases RBE will increase up to a max value | (100 keV) |
| • Permanent sterility for Ova/sperm | a single dose of 5 Gy |
| • OER | Cell wO2/Cell wo O2 |
| • LET is measured in | Kev per micron (um) |
| • ___is electromagnetic radiation such as xrays and gamma rays | Low LET radiation |
| • ___includes particles that posses substantial mass and charge | High LET radiation |
| • Approximately ___ of all radiation induced damage is caused by___ | Two thirds, Hydroxyl OH* |
| • What is the window of maximum sensitiviy | is 8 to 15 weeks |
| • Organogenesis is | 8 to 15 weeks 10 days to 6 weeks |
| • Which action of ionizing radiation is most harmful to the human body? | Indirect Action |
| • OH*+OH*= | H2O2 |
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