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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the types of pain? | acute and chronic |
| what are some descriptions of pain? | mild or severe, intermittent or intractable, burning dull or sharp, precise or poorly localized, referred |
| which type of pain floods the body with epinephrine causing a fight or flight response | acute pain |
| what are some nursing interventions to modify pain perception based on the gate control theory | backrub, warm compress, ice application |
| what is hilda/wilda | how/description of pain, intensity, location, duration, and agravating and alleviating factors |
| what are some other questions to ask about pain? | how it affects sleep,energy,activity,mood,appetite; any other symptoms such as nvd constipation itching |
| what are some things to check when assessing pain? | V/S, past med history, knowledge of pain, and use of non invasive techniques |
| what are some characteristics of pain | site severity location duration |
| what is some other subjective information with pain assessments | pain relief measures, interventions that dont relieve pain, what makes it worse, pain medication |
| what are some physiological signs of pain | tachycardia, increased depth freq of respirations, increased sys or dia BP, pallor(paleness) and diaphoresis, dilated pupils, increased muscle tension, nausea and vomiting with severe pain |
| what are some behavioral signs of pain | facial expressions, clenching of fists, crying, moaning, tossing in bed, fetal position, clutching the effected body pary |
| what information should be gathered regarding pain medication? | name of drug, dos, frequency, and effectiveness |
| describe the categorical pain scale | scale of 1-5, mild discomforting distressing horrible excruciating |
| describe the numerical and visual analog pain scale | 0 to 10, no distress no pain to unbearable pain/distress |
| describe the wong baker pain scale faces | faces usually used on children or elderly the faces go from smiling to frowning and crying 0-5 |
| why are pain scales used | pain scales allow the patient to rate the pain so that the nurse can measure and assess the pain |
| what are some nursing responsiblites when dealing with patients in pain | begin intervention asap, reduce patients anxiety, assist the patient to make decisions |
| what makes a good patient advocate | time, patience, energy, courage, good listening skills |
| what are the ultimate goals of pain management | pain relief, resume activites of daily living comfortably ADL, all staff understands the plan |
| what are some pain relief measures | use different measures, intervene before pain becomes severe, patient is expert on own pain, assess pt's ability to participate, appropriate for severity of pain, encourage to try again if ineffective, open mind, keep trying, protect the pt |
| what are some psychological techniques in pain control | distraction and diversion, talking, relief of anxiety, hypnosis, deep control breathing, group therapy |
| what are the classifications of pain control medication and what are the common routes | nonopiods, opiods, adjuvant analgesics oral, IV, IM, PCA and epidural |
| what are 3 techniques of pain control? | physical, psychological, and medication |
| what is pain normally indicative of? | inflammation and tissue damage |
| is pain only present when there is inflammation and tissue damage? | no, migraine headaches or death of loved one |
| is pain subjective or objective data? | subjective |
| what is referred pain? | pain felt at a site other than the injured or diseased organ or pat of the body |
| what is acute pain? | intense short duration usually lasting less that 6 months, usually provides warning of actual or potential tissue damage |
| what is chronic pain | pain lasting longer than 6 months, sometimes conitnous sometimes intermittent at times it can be as intense as acute pain, doesnt singal a wanring of damage in process rather that is has occured |
| what factors can change a persons perception of pain? | fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depression |
| what is the gate control theory? | suggests pain impulses are regulated and even blocked by gating mechanisms in the CNS, open allows pain closed blocks |
| where are the proposed gates located in the gate control theory | in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord |
| which parts of the brain have the cpacity to influence whether pain impulses reach a persons conious awareness? | cerebral cortex and thalamus |
| what are endorphins? | morphine like substances composed of many amino acids found in the pituitary gland and other areas of the CNS |
| what are some pain relief measures that are believed to cause the release of endorphins? | transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), acupuncture, and placebos. |
| how do endorphins work? | they attach to opioid receptor sites in the brain and prevent the release of neurotransmitters inhibitting transmission of pain impulses |
| what is the fifth vital sign? | pain |
| how is pain managed effectively? | circle of assessments, ask about pain, intervene, ask about pain again |
| what harmful effects does unrelieved pain cause? | increase o2 demand, respiratory dysfunction, decreased gi motility, confusion, depressed immune response, anxiety, depression, irritability |
| what are some noninvasive pain relief techniques? | tens, heat, cold, massage, distraction, relaxation, guided imagery, meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback |
| what is tens? | transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation provides mild electric current believed to stimulate large nerve fibers closing the pain gates, hypothesized to stimulate endorphin production |
| what misconceptions do physicians and nurses have about analgesics? | they misunderstand pharmacologic principles, worry about addiction, anxiety over administering too large a dose of an opioid, this causes pain to be reduced not relieved |
| what toxic effects are their to worry about with nsaids | hepatotoxicity, GI bleeding |
| what is the cornerstone for managing moderate to severe acute pain | opioid analgesics |
| what are some things to consider when morphine is given to a patient? | compromised renal function, respiratory depression, allergies or reaction, constipation |
| why is demerol no longer the drug of choice for pain management? | potential for inducing seizures |
| what are adjuvant analgesics? | medications that cause relief of pain by a variety of mechanisms many of which are not understood (example antidepressants relieve pain by blocking reuptake of serotonin) |
| what are some guidelines for individualizingpain therapy? | use diff types of pain relief, provide pain relief before pain becomes severe, use what pt believes effective, pt's ability to participate in relief, appropriate to severity of pain from pt behavior, try more than once, open mind, protect pt |
| with an epidural of fentanyl what should you assess carefully? | respiratory rate |
| what is a common cns analgesic prescribed for pain? | morphine |
| what drug delivery system controls pain via a portable computerized pump with a chamber for a syringe? | patient controlled analgesia PCA |
| the gate control theory of pain suggests what? | pain impulses are regulated or even blocked by mechanisms located along the CNS |
| what kind of pain is angina pectoris radiating down left inner arm to little finger and upward to jaw and shoulder? | referred |
| pt claims pain is an 8 on a scale of 0 to 10 what scale is used? | numerical |
| people who have less pain than others from a similar injury have _______ level of endorphins | a higher |
| when treating pain nurses have a tendency to? | undertreat |
| what is an example of cutaneous stimulation management for pain control? | TENS |
| whats the percent risk of clinically significant opioid induced respiratory depression? | less than 1% |
| what route is most appropriate for treating rapidly escalating sever pain? | IV |
| which opiod is no longer drug of choice due to toxic complications such as seizures? | meperidine, demoral |
| what is the difference between complementary and alternative therapy? | complentary used with conventional, whereas alternative replcaes conventional therapy |
| what is the goal of herbal use? | restore balance within the client by facilitating the self healing ability |
| does herbal perparation use the whole plant? | yes |
| what is required by law for herbal therapy manufacturers? | there is no law to demonstrate safety, efficacy or quality of products |
| where can you find the standardized dosages in herbal therapy? | they do not have standardized dosages |
| do chiropractic doctors describe medications? | no they use other treatment modalities |
| what does chiropractic therapy do? | adjusts the joints of the body back in proper alignment, often uses radiographs to assist, uses hot and cold packs, does not prescribe medicine |
| can acupuncture be performed by a lpn | no only by properly trained professionals |
| what is the purpose of therapeutic massage | to manipulate soft tissues of the body and assist with healing |
| what is the purpose of specific scents that are used in aromatherapy | thought to relax or stimulate, improve digestion, increase hormone production and improve circulation or memory |
| state three actions that magnetic therapy should do | increase circulation, increase energy and decrease pain |
| when is magnet therapy contraindicated? | pregnancy, pacemakers, insulin delivery system, cochlear implants, electric blank or heating pad, myasthenia gravis, hyperthroidism, hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunctions |
| identify two ways in which imagery therapy can be performed | self directed or guided |
| state two benefits of yoga | tone the muscles and increase flexibility of the spine |
| what are cam therapies? | complementary or alternative medicine therapies |
| what is allopthic medicine? | traditional or conventional western medicine |
| what population of US uses CAM | between 1/3 and 1/2 |
| why do people use CAM? | perception that medical profession doesnt provide relief for vartiey of common illness, becoming more educated on health and wanting to be active in it, programs on tv, CAM therapies in respected medical journals, less invasive and gentler |
| what part of the plant is extracted in pharmaceuticals | the active part making it more potent |
| what are some contraindications for chiropractic therapy | joint diseases, acute myelopathy, fractures, dislocations, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis |
| what is Qi? | life force energy that flows in the body along meridians (channels of energy) believed in acupuncure and pressure |
| what alternative therapy may be most effective in a patient showing restless and axious behavior | acupressure |
| true or false, herbal therpies are allowed to be packaged as dietary supplements if they are without health claims | true |
| what herbal therapie promotes physical endurance and reduces stress? | ginseng |
| what is a contraindication for the use of relexology | heart problems, blood pressure, epilepsy, diabetes |
| what does holistic nursing address? | body mind and spirit |
| should a patient with osteoporosis use chiropractic treatment? | no |
Created by:
esjastad
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