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History 1301 Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| John Quincy Adams | Author of the Monroe Doctrine as secretary of state, he was 6th president and served as a congressman after his presidency. |
| James Monroe | Virginian who served two terms as 55th president during Era of Good Feelings, he declared Western Hemisphere off-limits to new colonization. |
| Stephen S. Long | Led military expedition of West in 1819-20, surveying Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, which he characterized as the "Great American Desert." |
| Sequoyah | Invented written Cherokee language (1821-22) through the use of a syllabary, in which 85 symbols represented syllables. |
| Eli Whitney | Invented cotton gin, (1793), making production of cloth much cheaper, which revolutionized clothing and contributed to South's dependence on plantation slaves. |
| DeWitt Clinton | New York governor whose pet project, the Erie Canal (1817-25), connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean and led to a canal boom. |
| Henry Clay | One of the "Great Triumvirate" of three pre-Civil War legislators, the Kentucky senator championed the American system of high tariffs and internal improvements. |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Signed by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spanish minister Luis de Onis in 1819, this treaty allowed for U.S. annexation of Florida. |
| Era of Good Feelings | A descriptive term for the era of President James Monroe, who served two terms for 1817-1823. During Monroe's administration, partisan conflict abated and bold federal initiatives suggested increased nationalism. |
| American system | A national economic strategy championed by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, the American system stressed high tariffs and internal improvements. |
| Missouri Compromise | A sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory above the latitude of 36 30. |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward | In this 1819 case, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protected charters given to corporations by states. |
| McCullough v. Maryland | Ruling on this banking case in 1819, the Supreme Court propped up the idea of "implied powers" meaning the Constitution could be broadly interpreted. This pivotal ruling also asserted the supremacy of federal power over state power. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | In this 1824 case, the Supreme Court affirmed and expanded the powers of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce. |
| Monroe Doctrine | A key foreign policy made by President James Monroe in 1823, it declared the western hemisphere off limits to new European colonization; in return, the United States promised not to meddle in European affairs. |
| Herman Melville | Underappreciated during his lifetime, his tale of a sea captain's quest for a great white whale, Moby-Dick (1851), ranks as a classic of American literature. |
| Edgar Allan Poe | Short-story writer and poet whose Gothic horror tales explored humanity's darker side. |
| Walt Whitman | This essayist and poet was one of most innovative of antebellum period, dealing with sexuality and abandoning traditional forms for free verse. |
| William Sidney Mount | Artist of the Hudson Valley School whose paintings portrayed everyday life, exemplifying the egalitarian sentiment of the Jacksonian period. |
| Martin Van Buren | New Yorker who built one of the first statewide political machines, he served one term as 8th president. |
| John C. Calhoun | One of the "Great Triumvirate" of three pre-Civil War legislators, the South Carolinian championed states rights and nullification of Jackson's Tariff of Abominations, leaving the vice presidency for the U.S. Senate. |
| Andrew Jackson | Our 7th president, this volatile friend of the comman man was the first Westerner in the White House and his eight years in office ushered in a more democratic era. |
| Peggy O'Neale Eaton | Wife of Secretary of War John Eaton, gossip about her moral character led to a mass resignation among Andrew Jackson's cabinet. |
| Nicholas Biddle | As president of the Second Bank of the United States from 1823 to 1836, he triggered a "bank war" with President Jackson by seeking to have the bank's charter renewed four years early. |
| Roger B. Taney | Helped Pres Jackson kill the 2nd Bank of the U.S. by redirecting fed funds away form the bank and subsequently was rejected as sec of the treas by the Senate. He became chief justice of the Supremem Crt and handed down the controversial Dred Scott ruling. |
| Daniel Webster | One of the "Great Triumvirate" of three pre-Civil War legislators, the New Englander was a leading figure in the Whig party, twice serving as secretary of state and spending more than 25 years in Congress. |
| William Henry Harrison | A military hero for his vicotry over Tecumseh's Indian Confederacy at Tippecanoe (1811), he became the 9th president and the first Whig elected to the White House, but died from illness after just one month. |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | A French visitor to America in 1831-2, he recorded his insightful observations in the influential two-volume Democracy in America. |
| Jacksonian Democracy | A historian's term for the political culture of white male citizens in the 1820s and 1830s. It celebrated the "self-made man" and rejected the idea that leaders should be drawn from the intellectual and economic elite. Andrew Jackson, the first "people's |
| tariff of abominations | An 1828 protective tariff, or tax on imports, motivated by special interest groups. It resulted in a substantial increase in duties that angered many southern free traders. |
| Trail of Tears | In the winter of 1838-1839, the Cherokee were forced to evacuate their lands in Georgia and travel under military guard to present-day Oklahoma. Due to exposure and disease, roughly one quarter of the sixteen thousand forced migrants died en route. |
| nullification | The supposed right of any state to declare a federal law inoperative within its boundaries. In 1832, South Carolina created a firestorm when it attempted to nullify the federal tariff. |
| Bank War | Between 1832-1836, Andrew Jackson used his presidential power to fight and ultimately destroy the second Bank of the United States. |
| Whigs | In mid-eighteenth century Britain, the Whigs weree a political faction that dominated Parliament. Generally they were opposed to royal influence in government and wanted to increase the control and influence of Parliament. In America, a Whig party named f |
| specie circular | In 1836, President Andrew Jackson issued this executive order that required purchasers of public land to pay in "specie," gold or silver coin, rather than paper money. |
| Panic of 1837 | A financial depression that lasted until the 1840s. |
| second party sysem | A historian's term for the national two party rivalry between Democrats and Whigs. The second party system began in the 1830's and ended in the 1850s with the demise of the Whig party and the rise of the Republican party. |
| Nat Turner | Black preacher who led a bloody slave revolt in SE Virginia in 1831 that resulted in the deaths of nearly 60 whites and the execution of Turner and dozens of slaves. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | An uncompromising abolitionist and social reformer, he launched a radical anti-slavery movement amid harsh rhetoric with publication of The Liberator in Boston beginning in 1831. |
| Denmark Vesey | Free black man who was hanged along with dozens of others in 1821 for organizing a slave rebellion aimed at capturing Charleston, S.C. |
| J.D.B. De Bow | Editor of the influential De Bow’s Review, which called for the development of industry and shipping in the South. |
| Old South | The term refers to the slaveholding states between 1830 and 1860, when slave labor and cotton production dominated the economies of the southern states. This period is also known as the "antebellum era." |
| African Methodist Episcopal Church | Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816 as the first independent black-run Protestant church in the United States. The AME Church was active in the promotion of abolition and the founding of educational institutions for free b |
| Underground Railroad | A network of safe houses organized by abolitionist (usually free blacks) to aid slaves in their attempts to escape slavery in the North or Canada. |
| yeoman | Southern small landholders who owned no slaves, and who lived primarily in the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains. These farmers were self-reliant and grew mixed crops, although they usually did not produce a substantial amount to be sold on |
| American Colonization Society | Founded in 1817, this abolitionist organizaiton hoped to provide a mechanism by which slavery could gradually be eliminated. The society advocated the relocation of free blacks (followed by freed slaves) to the African colony of Monrovia, present day Libe |
| cotton gin | Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, this device for separrating the seeds form the fibers of short-staple cotton enabled a slave to clean fifty times more cotton as by hand, which reduced produciton costs and gave new life to slavery in the South. |
| Charles G. Finney | Preacher who led highly successful revivals in upstate New York, repudiating Calvinist pre-destination for free will and potential freedom from sin. |
| Horace Mann | Formed Massachusetts’ public school system, which emphasized moral and civic instruction and became a model for other states. |
| William Holmes McGuffey | Author of a series of readers beginning in 1836 that modernized instruction while teaching the Protestant ethic. |
| Dorothea Dix | Reformer whose efforts in publicizing the inhuman treatment of the mentally ill led to the building of more than 30 hospitals. |
| Frederick Douglass | Slave who escaped to freedom and became one of the most effective voices for abolition and equal rights. |
| Elijah Lovejoy | Antislavery editor who was martyred when he was shot and killed by a mob in Alton, Ill., in 1837. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Immensely popular essayist and lecturer who became leader of transcendentalism. |
| Henry David Thoreau | Disicple of Emerson whose reflections on nature and solitude became the classic Walden (1854). |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | Author of Puritan stock whose dark tales of mankind’s frailty included The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851). |
| Second Great Awakening | A series of evangelical Protestant revivals that swept over America in the early nineteenth century. |
| temperance movement | Temperance- moderation or abstention in the use of alcoholic beverages- attracted many advocates in the early nineteenth century. Their crusade against alcohol, which grew out of the Second Great Awakening, became a powerful social and plitical force. |
| Cult of Domesticity | Term used by historians to characterize the dominant gender role for white women in the antebellum period. The ideology of domesticity stressed the virtue of women as guardians of the home, which was considered their proper sphere. |
| American Colonization Society | Founded in 1817, this abolitionist organizaiton hoped to provide a mechanism by which slavery could gradually be eliminated. The society advocated the relocation of free blacks (followed by freed slaves) to the African colony of Monrovia, present day Libe |
| Liberty party | America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840. When the party ran a presidential candidate in the 1844 election, in split the Republican vote and inadvertently tipped the 1844 elecction in favor of Democrat James Polk. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | The first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, and co-sponsored by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Delegates at the convention drafted a "Declaration of Sentiments," patterned on the Declaration of Independence, but |
| utopianism | Between the 1830s and 1850s, hopes for societal perfection utopia were widespread among evangelical Christians as well as secular humnists. These hopes found expression in vrious utopian communities and spiritual movements. |
| Shakers | A religious group, formally known as the United Society of Believers, that advocated strict celibacy, gender equality, and communal ownership. |
| Oneida community | Founded in 1848 in Oneida, New York, this Chrisian utopian community earned notoriety for institutionalizing a form of "free love." |
| transcenderntalism | An American version of the romantic and idealist thought that emerged in Europe in the early nineteenth century; this literary and philosophical movement held that individuals could rise above material reality and ordinary understanding. |
| Brook Farm | This transcendentalist commune, founded in Massachusetts in 1841, attracted many leading creative figures during its brief existence. |
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