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exam three
nervous system, brain, cranial nerves, spinal nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many spinal nerves are there | 31 |
| how many cranial nerves are there | 12 |
| what structures are in the CNS | the brain and spinal cord |
| what structures are in the PNS | the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, the ganglia |
| where do the cranial nerves extend from | the brain |
| where do the spinal nerves extend from | the spinal cord |
| what is a ganglia | they are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS |
| together the CNS and the PNS perform what 3 functions | collecting info, processing andevaluating data, responding to information |
| what are the two functional divisions of the nervous system | motor and sensory |
| sensory is also known as | afferent |
| motor is also known as | efferent |
| functional divisions of the nervous system: definition of sensory | inflowing, receives info (input) from receptors and transmits this information to the to the CNS |
| functional divisions of the nervous system: def of motor | transmits motor impulses output, from the CNS to muscles anf glands functional divisions of the nervous system |
| functional divisions of the nervous system: are the motor and sensory division in the CNS or the PNS | both |
| functional divisions of the nervous system: what is the somatic sensory | receives info from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses |
| functional divisions of the nervous system: what are the functions of visceral sensory | receives sensory information from viscera |
| functional divisions of the nervous system: what are the functions of somatic motor | voluntary, nervous system, innervates, skeletal muscle, conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle |
| functional divisions of the nervous system: what re the functions of the automatic motor | involuntary nervous system, innervatescardiac muscles, smooth muscles,further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic, gladns |
| what are the 2 tpes of nerve cells | neurons, glial cells |
| nerve cells: def of neurons | which are excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses from oe part of the body to another, high metabollic rate, extreme longavity, non-mitotic |
| nerve cells: def of glial cells | which are nonexcitable cells that support and protect the neurons |
| nerve cells: what are the 4 types of the glial cells | astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes |
| structure of a neuron: def of soma | serves the neuron's, control, center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses |
| structure of a neuron: def of nissal body | dark staining area made up of free and bound ribosomes found in soma |
| structure of a neuron: def of perikaryon | cytoplasm of the cell body in the soma |
| structure of a neuron: does the dentrite recieve or send | receive |
| structure of a neuron: does the axon receive or send | send |
| structure of a neuron: dentrite- def | shart, branch tree like, usually more then one, receive input and transfer it to cell body for processing |
| structure of a neuron: dentrite- the more dentrites a neuron has the more ____ the neuron can receive from other cells | impulses |
| structure of a neuron: axon- def | larger longer nerve cell process emanating from the cell body is the axon, transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body to another cell |
| structure of a neuron: axon- aka | nerve fiber |
| structure of a neuron: axons- are there 1 or more | 1 |
| structure of a neuron: axon- def of the axon hillock | the axon connects to the cell body at this triangular region |
| structure of a neuron: axon- def of ason collateral | side chains of axons, if they branch not all do |
| structure of a neuron: axon- def of the telodendria | fine terminal extensions at which there is a synaptic knob |
| classifications of neurons: def of unipolar | neuron has a single process that branches like a T, most seonsory neurons are this |
| classifications of neurons: def of bipolar neurons | have 2 process, one axon and one dendtrite, rare and limited to special senses, |
| classifications of neurons: def of multipolar neurons | 3 or more processes many dendrites and oen axon, most common |
| def of interneurons | lie entirely within the CNS and are multipolar, the receive nerve impulses from many other neurons and carry out the integrative function of the nervous system, facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons , outnumber all neurons in number |
| glial cells: def | smaller and capable of mitosis, do not transmit nerve impulses, they physically protect and help nourish neurons, they outnumber neurons |
| what nerve cell accounts for 1/2 the nervous system | the glial cells |
| types of glial cells: def of astrocytes | they exhibit a starlike shape due to projections from their surface, most abundant glial cells in the CNS< help form the blood brain barrier, that strictly controls substances entering the nervous tissue in the brain,replace damaged neurons |
| types of glial cells: def of ependymal cells | cuboidal epithial cells that line cavities of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, produce the CSF |
| types of glial cells: def of microglia | smallest % of cells, wander through the CNS and exhibit phagocytic activity |
| types of glial cells: oligodendrocytes | they wrap around neurons and help create myelin sheath |
| def of swann cells | they are neurolemmocytes that are associated w/ the PNS axons and are responsible for myelinating the PNS axons |
| def of myelinationf | the process by which part of an axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath, protective fatty coating that gives it a glossy white appearance |
| what does the myelin sheath do | it supports, protects, and insulates an axon |
| myelination: no change in voltage can ocur across the membrane in the _________- portion of the axon | insulated |
| in a myelinated axon what is the nerve impulse able to do | jump from neurofibril node to neurofibril node |
| the jumping of the nerve impulse from neurofibril node to neurofibril is know as | saltatory conduction |
| in an unmyelinated axon what does the nerve impulse do | it must travel the entire length of the axon, a process called continuous conduction |
| does a myelinated or an unmyelinated axon produce a faster nerve impulse | a myelinated |
| what type of axon, the myelinated or unmyelinated, takes longer for the nerve impulse to reach the end of an axon | the unmyelinated |
| what type of axon, the myelinated or unmyelinated, requires more energy | the unmyelinated |
| continuous conduction is used for what type of stimuli | pain |
| can CNS nerve regenerate, can PNS nerve regenerate | no; yes |
| regeneration of the PNS axons: PNS axons are more vulnerable to what | cuts, crushing injuries and trauma |
| regeneration of the PNS axons: a damaged axon is able to regenerate when | if some of the neurolemma remains |
| regeneration of the PNS axons: the regeneration depends on what 3 factors | the amount of damage, the distance between the site of the damaged axon and the effector organ, the neurolemmocyte secretion of nerve growth factors to stimulate outgrowth of severed axons |
| def of a nerve | it is a cable-like bundle of parrallel axons |
| def of a nerve fiber | axon |
| structure of a nerve: how many CT wrappings does it have | 3 |
| structure of a nerve: inside nerve are ______ | fascicles |
| structure of a nerve: inside fascicles are ______ | nerve fibers (axons) |
| structure of a nerve: def of endoneurium | a delicate layer of loose CT sourrounds each axon |
| structure of a nerve: def of perimeurium | a cellular and fibrous CT layer that wraps around groups of axons called fascicles |
| structure of a nerve: def of epineurium | a superficual CT covering, dense irregular CT encloses the whole nerve, provides support and protections |
| nerves: are the part of the PNS or the CNS | the PNS |
| tracts: part of the PNS or the CNS | the CNS |
| nerves: what do sensory nerves do | convey sensory info tot he CNS |
| nerves: what do motor nerves do | convey motor impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
| nerves: what is a synapse | an axon transmits a nerve impulse at a specialized junctions with another neuron |
| nerves: what is the end of the axon | the synaptic knob |
| synapses: what is a presynaptic neuron | the transmit nerve impulses along their axonal membranes to a synapses |
| synapses: what is a postsynaptic neuron | conduct nerve impulses through their dendritic and cell body membranes away from the synapse |
| synapses: where can an axon establish synaptic contact with another neuron | anywhere except regions that are myelinated |
| eletrical synapse: def; are they common in humans | occur between smooth muscle cells where quick uniform innervation is essential; no |
| chemical synapses: def | it facilitates , most of the interaction between neurons and all communications between neurons and effectors, at these junctions a neuroreceptor is released (aka the chemical) |
| what type of synapse is the most numerous | chemical |
| neurotransmitters: when are tjey only released | from the plasma membrane of the presynaptic cell |
| neurotransmitters: what does it bind to after it is released | receptor proteins found only on the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell |
| neurotransmitters: is there a unidirection of flow of communication | yes |
| neurotransmitters: what two factors influence the rate of conduction of the impulse | the axon's diameter and the presence or absense of the myelin sehath |
| neuronal pools: def ; aka | interneurons w/in the CNS are grouped in this complex pattern, cateragorized by type of circuit; neronal circuits or pathway |
| neuronal pools: def of conrging | come together |
| neuronal pools: def of diverging | signal spreads apart |
| a fast electrical signal indicates what | big, myelenated sheath axon |
| a slow electrical signal indicates what | small unmyenlated sheath |
| how many pairs of spinal nerve | 31 |
| the spinal cord ends at what vertebrea | L1 |
| reflexes happen where | at the leve lof the spinal cord |
| the spinal cord provides a vital link between ___- & ______ | the brain and the body |
| what is the length of an adult spinal cord | 42 and 45 cm |
| shape of spinal cord | sylindrical, but flattened of both posterior and anterior sides |
| spinal cord: def of the posteriormedian sulcus | on the posterior side, it dips internally on the posterior surface, a groove |
| spinal cord: def of the anterior median fissure | a groove on the anterior side of the spinal cord |
| spinal cord: are the five regions of the spinal cord | cirvical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caccygeal |
| spinal cord: regions: how many pair of nerves in the cervical; thoracic; lumbar; sacral; coccygeal | 8; 12; 5; 5; 1 |
| spinal cord: is it shorter or longer than the vertebral canal | shorter |
| spinal cord: def of the conus medullaris | tje tapering inferior end of the SC it is the offical "end" of the spinal cord |
| spinal cord: def of the cauda equina | inferior to teh conus medullaris; this is nerve roots project inferiorly from the spinal cord (horses tail) |
| spinal cord: def of the filum terminale | w/in the cauda equina, a thin strand of pia mater the helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx |
| spinal cord: what are the four plexus of the spinal nerves | the cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral |
| spinal cord: plexus- cervical: what nervers are assoc. w/ this | c1-c4 |
| spinal cord: plexus- brachial: what nervers are assoc. w/ this | c5-t1 |
| spinal cord: plexus- lumbar: what nervers are assoc. w/ this | l1-l4 |
| spinal cord: plexus- sacral: what nervers are assoc. w/ this | l4-s4 |
| spinal cord: plexus- what plexus is associated with arm movement | the brachial |
| spinal cord: plexus- what plexus is associated with front of leg movement | lumbar |
| spinal cord: plexus- what plexus is associated with back of leg movement | sacral |
| spinal cord: meninges- def | continuous w/ the cranial meninges, the encurcle the spinal cord |
| spinal cord: meninges- list teh outside to innermost | vertebrea, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater |
| spinal cord: meninges- wher eis the csf located | in the subarachnoid mater |
| spinal cord: gray matter: wheres is it located; what is it deivided into | centrally in the spinal cord (butterfly), horns |
| spinal cord: gray matter: what are the 3 pairs of horns called | anterior, lateral, posterior |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of anterior horns | L&R anterior masses of gray matter, cell bodies of somatic motor neurons (shorter wing) |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of lateralhorns | only in T1 and L2, cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that innervate cardiac smooth muscle and glands |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of posterior horns | L&R posterior masses of gray matter, axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons; unmyelinated axons communication route between R and L side |
| spinal cord: gray matter: deff of the gray commissure | bar of gray matter surrounding central canal, mostly unmyelinated axons, serves as communication between L&R sides of gray matter |
| def of nuclei | clusters cell bodies w/ in the CNS |
| spinal cord: gray matter: w/ in the gray matter are various _________ | cell bodies/ nuclei |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of sensory nuclei | in posterior horn, contains interneuron cell bodies |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of somatic sensory | receive information from sensory receptors, pain, skin |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of visceral sensory nuclei | receive info from stretch receptors in smooth muscel walls of viscera |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of motor nuclei | anterior and lateral horns, send nerve impulses to muscles and glands |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of somatic motor nuclei | anterior horn innervate skeletal muscle |
| spinal cord: gray matter: def of autonomic motor | in lateral horns that innervate smooth muscel, cardiac muscel, and glands |
| spinal cord: white matter: where is it located; what are the 3 regions on each side of the SC | external to the gray matter; psterior funiculus, lateral funiculus; anterior funiculus |
| spinal cord: what are the regions of the white matter called; of the gray matter | funiculus; horns |
| spinal cord: white matter: the anterior funiculus are connected by the __________ | white commisure |
| spinal cord: white matter: it is organized into functional groups called _________; what are the names of the 2 types | tracts; motor and sensory |
| spinal cord: white matter: def of sensory tract | ascending from sC to brain |
| spinal cord: white matter: def of motor | descending from brain to SC |
| spinal nerves: how is it formed | from the union of thousands of motor and sensory axons |
| spinal nerves: the anterior root is sensory or motor; the psterior root is sensory or motor | motor; sensory |
| spinal nerves: the anterior root corresonds to the __ root in the __ to become a spinal nerve | posterior; intervertebral foramen |
| spinal nerves: the spinal nerve is associated with _________ of the same number | the vertabrea |
| spinal nerves:after leaving the intervertebral foramen most split into branches called _______ | rami/ plural = ramus |
| spinal nerves: def of posterior ramus | smaller, and innervate deep to the deep muscel of the back and skin |
| spinal nerves: def of anterior ramus | larger and unnervate the anterior and lateral portions of the trunk and upper limb and lower limbs |
| dermatomes: def | a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve; each nerve is associated with one |
| def of referred visceral pain | pain from organ is referred to a dermatome, may referr to part of the body where organ is not located |
| paralysis: what SC injury results in quadriplegia | c4 |
| paralysis: what SC injury results in parapalegia | t6 |
| paralysis: def of hemipalegia | one side of body |
| nerve plexuses: def | a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves, nerve plexuses then split into multiple named nerves |
| nerve plexuses: name the 4 | cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral |
| intercostal nerves: why can't they travel through a plexus | b/c the vertebrea are in the way |
| nerve plexuses: branches, what ones to know from the brachial plexus | axillary, median, radial, ulnar |
| nerve plexuses: branches, what ones to know from the cervical plexus | phrenic nerve |
| nerve plexuses: branches, what ones to know from the lumbar plexus | femoral |
| nerve plexuses: branches, what ones to know from the sacral plexus | sciatic nerve |
| what is the lonest nerve in teh body | the sciatic nerve |
| reflexes: does the SC or the brain control these | the SC |
| reflexes: def | rapid, aotonomic, involuntary reactions of muscels or glands to a stimulus (needed to initiate), response the same way every time |
| reflexes: is it an involuntary response | yes |
| reflexes: how is it a survival mechanism | it occurs before the brain is aware what happened |
| reflex arc: def | the neural wiring of a single reflex, always begins in PNS, ends are a effector (muscel/ gland) |
| reflex arc: what are the 5 steps | stimulus actives (sensory), 2 nerve impulses travels through sensory neurons to CNS in spinal cord, 3 info from nerve imoulse process in the integration center by interneurons, 4 motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector; 5 effector responds |
| reflex arc: what is theeffect | muscel, gland |
| reflex arc: what is the receptor | in PNS |
| reflex arc: def os ipsilateral | when both the receptor and the effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord |
| reflex arc: def of cotralateral | when sensory impulses from a receptor organ cross over through the spinal cord to activate effector organs in teh opposite limb |
| reflex arc: def of monosynaptic | simplilist, interneurons are not involved, only takes one synapse from sensory neuron to motor nueonr out, on same spinal nerve (ex patellar knee jerk, faster |
| reflex arc: def of polysynaptic reflexes | > one synapse, mre complex neural pathway, a more prolonged delay |
| reflex arc: def of stretch reflex | monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeleltal muscle length, when a stimulus results in a stretched muscle that muscle contract. to protect (ex patellar knee jerk) |
| reflex arc: def of the gogi tendon reflex | prevents skeletal muscels from tensing excessively golgi tendon organs are nerve endins located with in tendons near a muscle-tendon junction, this causes the assoiciated muscle to then relax to avoid excessive damage and tension |
| is brain size directly corralated with intelligence | no |
| the brain receives _% of the oxygen from the body | 25% |
| brain protection: the ___ provides rigid support | the cranium |
| brain protection: def of brain meninges | protective connective tissue membranes that surround and partition partions of the brain |
| brain protection: what acts as a cushioning fluid | CSF |
| brain protection: what does the blood brain barrier do | prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream |
| cranial meninges: what do they separate | the 3 dense regular CT alyers separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium |
| cranial meninges: what are the 3 layers from superficual to deep | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| cranial meninges: dura mater- def | tough membrane composed of two fibrous layers, strongest meninges, the |
| cranial meninges: dura mater- what are hte two layers called with in the dura mater | the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer |
| cranial meninges: dura mater-def of the periosteal layer | the more superficial layer, attaches to the periosteum of the cranial bones |
| cranial meninges: dura mater- def of the meningeal layer | deep to the periosteal layer |
| cranial meninges: arachnoid mater- def | also called the arachnoid mater or the arachnoid membrane, deep to the dura, delecate web of collagen and elastic fibers |
| cranial meninges: arachnoid mater- what is the delicate wb called | the arachnoid trabeculae |
| cranial meninges: what is between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater | the subdural space |
| cranial meninges: what is between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater ; what fluid is here | the subarachnoid space ; CSF |
| cranial meninges: pia mater- def | the innermost of the cranial meningers, thin layer of delicate CT that tightly adheres to the brina and follows every contour of the brian surface "shrinkwrapped" |
| brains regions: how many lobes does the cerebrum have | 5 |
| brains regions: what is located in the diencephalon | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
| brains regions: what is located in the brain stem | pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain |
| brains regions: cerebrum is divided into two halves called what | the R and L cerebral hemispheres |
| brains regions: each hemisphere is divided into 5 functional areas called _____ | lobes |
| brains regions: the outer surface of the brain has fold called___, and shallow depressions between the folds called ______ | gyrus/gyri; suclus/sulci |
| brains regions: how many cranial nerves are there | 12 pairs |
| brain tissue: def of gray matter | houses motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and unmyelinated axons |
| brain tissue: def of white matter | composed primarily of myelinated axons, composed of tracts of myelinated axons |
| brain tissue: def of the cortex | the external sheets of gray matter cover the surface of most the adult brain |
| brain tissue: what lies deep tothe gray matter | white matter |
| brain tissue: within the whtie matter the brina has discrete innermost clusters of gray matter called ____; def | cerebral nuclei; shaped clusters of neuron cell bodies |
| clusters of pneuron cell bodies are called ____ in the PNS | ganglia |
| cerebrum- the 2 hemispheres are connected by the __________ | corpus collosum |
| cerebrum- what separates the frontal and pariatal lobes | the central sulcus |
| cerebrum- what separates the R and L hemispheres | the longitudinal fissure |
| cerebrum- what separates the temporal paraital and the frontal lobe | the lateral fissure |
| functions of the mojor lobes: the frontal lobe | motor, intention, critical thingking, inhibitions |
| functions of the mojor lobes: the parietal lobe | sensory and space |
| functions of the mojor lobes: the temporal lobe | language and hearing |
| functions of the mojor lobes: occipital | vision |
| what areh te 5 lobes of the cerebrum | frontal, pariatal, temporal, occipital, insula |
| functions of the mojor lobes: the insula | not visible from cotex, roles in understanding spoken language, snse of taste, integration of visceral sensory info |
| def of wernicks area | when damaged area makes it impossible to understand words but can say them |
| def of broca;s area | when damaged makes it impossible to say or write words |
| def of precentral gyrus | upside down representaiton of the motor strip, number of motor neurons is allocated according to degree tp wjocj fine cotrol is required, not according to muscle size |
| divisions of the brain: prosencephalon | forebrain, includes the cerebrum |
| divisions of the brain:prosencephalon- what is this divided into | the telencephalon and the diencephalon |
| divisions of the brain: the telencephalon is divided into what | the cerebral hemispheres |
| divisions of the brain: the diencephalon is divided into what | the thalamus, hypothalamus |
| divisions of the brain: def of the mesencephalon | the midbrain, short segment of the brain that connects the hind brain to the forebrain |
| divisions of the brain: def of the rhombencephalon | the hindbrain |
| divisions of the brain: the midbrain and the hindbrain= | the brain stem |
| divisions of the brain: rhombencephalon- this is divided into what | the metencephalon and the myelencephalon |
| divisions of the brain: rhombencephalon- metencephalon-what is located here | the pons, cerebellum |
| divisions of the brain: rhobencephalon- myelencephalon- what is located here | the medulla oblaongata |
| what is derived from the ectodern | the nervous system |
| divisions of the brain: what area is baisic life | the hindbrain, brain stem |
| divisions of the brain:def of reticular formation | loosely organized web of gray matter that projects through brain stem and into the cerebrum, controls sleep and consciousness, involved in habituation |
| divisions of the brain: myelencephalon- def of medulla oblongata | primitive response including heart, BP regulation, and respiratory, carry motor neurons from cerebrum to the spinal cord, receives info from taste buds pharynx, plus thoracic and abdominal viscera |
| divisions of the brain: metencephalon- pons def | relays info from the cerebrum to the cerebellum, breathing, HR, BP, sleep , bladder control |
| divisions of the brain: metencephalon- cerebellum def | largest part of the hindbrain, controls movement, balance, postures, 1/2 of all brians neurons, |
| divisions of the brain: metencephalon- cerebellum- def of ataxia | problem with movement |
| divisions of the brain: mesencephalon- def of midbrain | vision, audition, eye movement, body movement, |
| divisions of the brain: mesencephalon- def of substantia nigra | motor center degenerates in parkinsons disease leading to tremors |
| divisions of the brain: diencephalon- def of thalamus | the gateway to cerebral cortex, nearly all motor and sensory info passes through this, involved in the limbic system, emotional center |
| divisions of the brain: diencephalon- def of hypothalamus | major control center of the ANS and endocrine system, body temp, hunger, emotions, thirst |
| divisions of the brain: diencephalon- def of the epithalamus | pineal gland here, involved in cicadian rhythms |
| divisions of the brain: diencephalon- def of basal ganglia | masses of gray matter deep in white matter, control motor movement |
| what are the fluid filled regions of the brain called | ventricles |
| divisions of the brain: telencephalon- def of cortex | gray matter is the cell bodies, axons are the white matter, controls voluntary movement, language, resasoning, perception |
| pathways of the nervous system: the CNS communicates with the peripheral body via __ | pathways |
| pathways of the nervous system: they conduct either ___ or ____ info | sensory or motor |
| pathways of the nervous system: they travel through white or gray matter in the spinal cord | white |
| pathways of the nervous system: they consist of what 2 things | a tract and nuclius |
| pathways of the nervous system: what is a nucleus | cluster of cell bodies |
| pathways of the nervous system: what is a tract | a bundle of axons |
| pathways of the nervous system: def of ascending pathways | carry sensory info from the peripheral body to the brain (tract to nucleus) |
| pathways of the nervous system: def of descending pathways | transmits motor info fron the brain to muscles, glands (nucleus to tract) |
| pathways of the nervous system: defof decussates | when pathways corss over from one side of teh body to the other side at some point in its travel (left side of brain processes info from R side of body) |
| cerebral cortex: def | higher order metal functions, consciousness, learning, memory, reasoning, involved multiple brain regions, connected by complicated networks and arrays of axons, fully grown in college years |
| cerebral lateralization: def | each hemisphere tends to be specialized for certain tasks, higher order center in both hemis tend to have different but complemetary functions |
| cerebral lateralization: def of petalias | brain shape asymmetry in frontal and occipital petalias |
| cerebral lateralization: left hemi def | contains wernicks areas, specialized for language abilities, important in performing sequential and analytical, resaoning tasks, speech dominant |
| cerebral lateralization: right hemi def | representational hemi, concerned with visual spatial relationships, imagination, insight, |
| woman have a thick ___ better for multitasking | corpus collosum |
| brain ventricles: def | cavities or expansions w/in the brain that are derived from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube. continuous with one another as well as with the central canal of the spinal cord |
| brain ventricles: how many are there, names then | 4, 2 lateral, 3 ventricle and 4th ventricle |
| brain ventricles: where are the lateral ones located | in the cerebrum separated by a thin medial partition |
| brain ventricles: where is the 3rd one located | in the diencephalon |
| brain ventricles: where is the 4th one located | with in the pons and cerebellum |
| CSF: def | a clear odorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space, batehs the exposed surface of the CNS and completely surrounds it |
| CSF: function | buoyancy, protection, environmental stability |
| CSF: similar to what other body fluid | blood plasma |
| blood brain barrier: def | nervous tissue is protected from the genreal circulation by this, strictly regulates what substances can enter the interstitial fluid of the brain, prevents exposeure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in teh blood and normal substances |
| blood brain barrier: what glial cell acts as the gatekeeper the permit materials to pass | astrocytes |
| blood brain barrier: where is this not located in the brain and why | the hypothalamus, and the pineal gland |
| what occurs w/ aging and the brain | begins age 30 decreased homeostasis, # of neurons, gray matter, brain size, removal of waste, synapses, blood flow, cognition, increased deposist of lipids and plaque |
| cranial nerves: how many ; how are they ordered | 12, orders from top to bottom of brain |
| cranial nerves: name them in order 1-12 | 1 olfactory, 2 opitc, 3 oculomotor, 4 trachlear, 5 trigeminal, 6 abducens, 7 facial, 8 auditory-vestibular, 9 glossopharyngeal, 10 vagus, 11 accessory, 12 hypoglossal |
| cranial nerves: I- sensory or motor, function, name | sensory, smell, olfactory |
| cranial nerves: II- sensory or motor, function, name | sensroy, vision, optic |
| cranial nerves: III- sensory or motor, function, name | motor, eye movement up and dwon and medial pupil constriction raise eyelid, oculomotor |
| cranial nerves: IV- sensory or motor, function, name | motor, eye movement down and lateral, trochlear |
| cranial nerves: V- sensory or motor, function, name | both, 3 sensroy on face and moves mandible for chewing, trigeminal |
| cranial nerves: VI- sensory or motor, function, name | motor, lateral vision, abducens |
| cranial nerves: VII- sensory or motor, function, name | both, taste muscel for facial expression lips and cheek movement, facial |
| cranial nerves: VIII- sensory or motor, function, name | sensory, hearing balance and equilibrium, auditory-vestibular |
| cranial nerves: IX- sensory or motor, function, name | both, gag reflex taste on posteriro tongue, glossopharyngeal |
| cranial nerves: X- sensory or motor, function, name | both, largest wandering ear cough voice BP, vagus |
| cranial nerves: XI- sensory or motor, function, name | motor, turns head and raises shoulders, accessory |
| cranial nerves: XII- sensory or motor, function, name | motor, moves tongues, hypoglossal |
| SC: what is the central canal | canal that is filled with same CSF |
| what are the two roots called the split before they join as a nerve | the dorsal and ventral |
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jmkettel
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