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Pharmacology II.
Basic Pharmacology for Nurses by. Clayton Stock Cooper
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pharmacology | deals with the study of drugs and their actions on living organisms. |
| Therapeutic Methods | Drug, Diet, Physiotherapy, Psychological Therapies are used to treat diseases. |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of drug interaction including the drug receptors and the series of events that culminates in a pharmacologic response. |
| Receptors | sites on the cells where chemical bonding of drugs occurs |
| Antagonists | drugs that attach to receptor sites but no NOT stimulate a response |
| Agonists | drugs that stimulate a response at a receptor site |
| partial Agonists | drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response and concurrently inhibit other responses |
| ADME | the four stages of drug processing: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
| parmacokinetics | the study of the mathematical relationship among the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of medicines. |
| Absorption | the process by which the drug is made available to the body fluid for distribution |
| Enteral | this is the route of drug administration is placing the drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract by oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes. |
| parenteral | routes of drug administration are subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injections |
| Percutaneous | route of drug administration is done via inhalation, sublingual, or topical routes. |
| Distribution | the ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action (receptors) for metabolism and excretion. |
| Biotransformation | AKA metabolism. the process by which a drug is inactivated (broken down). |
| Excretion | is the elimination of the active drug or its metabolites from the body |
| half-Life | the time required for one-half, or 50% of the drug administered to be excreted form the body |
| Desired Action | the achievement of the expected response to the drug administered |
| Common Adverse Effect | predictable responses seen when a specific drug is administered. |
| Serious Adverse effects | side effects that are more serious and require reporting to the health care provider for further orders on how to manage there reactions. |
| Idiosyncratic Reaction | are reactions that are not predictable; they are unusual or abnormal responses to the drug administered. |
| Allergic reaction | AKA hypersensitivity. occurs in an individual who has previously taken the drug and is sensitized to it. |
| Anaphylactic Reaction | the collapsing of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. a life threatening situation |
| Carcinogenicity | the ability of a drug to cause living cells to be altered (mutate) and become cancerous. |
| Teratogens | a drug that causes birth defects |
| Additive Effect | occurs when two drugs with similar actions have an increased effect |
| Synergistic Effect | occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the effect of each drug given alone |
| Antagonistic Effect | occurs when one drug interferes with the action of another |
| what is the meaning of gender-specific medicine? | is a developing science that studies the differences in the response of females and males to prescribes drugs. |
| passive diffusion | is the most common mechanism associated with drug absorption. it requires no cellular energy and involves the movement of drug from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Five Steps of Nursing Diagnosis | assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation |
| what is the major advantage of the percutaneous route for drug administration? | the action of the drug is primarily limited to the sire of application, therby decreasing the systemic adverse effect |
| The 6 right of medication administration. | right: patient,drug, dosage, time, route and documentation |
| review the procedure for NG administration of enteral formulas using bolus and continuous infusion techniques | flush 30mls before meds, 5 mls in between, and 30mls after meds |
| chemical name | is most meaningful to the chemist. |
| generic name | common name |
| official name | FDA approved name for the drug in use in the US |
| Trademark | Brand name |
| Illegal Drugs | Recreational Drug |
| Martindale-The complete Drug Reference | is a two volume text published the pharmaceutical press. information on currents drugs used throughout the world. |
| Schedule I | a high potential for abuse Not currently accepted medical use in the U.S |
| Schedule II | high potential for abuse accepted for medical use in the u.s abuse may lead to psychological or physical dependance |
| Schedule III | a high potential for abuse but less than Schedule I and II accepted medical use abuse may lead to moderate or low physical or high psychological dependance |
| Schedule IV | a low potential for abuse, compared to schedule III accepted medical use abuse may lead to limited physical and or psychological dependence |
| Schedule V | low potential for abuse accepted medical use abuse potential of limited physical or psychological dependence liability. |
| preclinical Research and development stage | a phase of a new drug development begins with discovery, synthesis, and purification of the drug. Animal Testing Stage |
| Clinicla Research and Development Stage | Testing in Humans Stage |
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